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Systematic theologyWhat does it teach as a whole?

Pneumatology

What is pneumatology?

Pneumatology is the doctrine of the Holy Spirit: the Spirit's person, procession and work in creation, Christ, Scripture, salvation, the Church and the end. It studies the biblical witness to the Spirit, the history of the doctrine and the divisions it caused, and how each tradition teaches it today. Its work touches every other doctrine.

  • 142Sources
  • 20Traditions
  • 16Dated entries
  • 16Minutes

Study v1.3, 14 October 2026

Pneumatology

At a glance

Why it matters for reading Scripture

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit, where traditions differ sharply, from the filioque to the gifts.

What the study found

The creedal core was settled in 381, confessing the Spirit as Lord and Giver of Life; Pentecostal and charismatic growth has made it one of theology's most active areas.

Where traditions divide

East and West divide on the filioque; continuationists and cessationists divide on Spirit baptism and the gifts; Jehovah's Witnesses describe the Spirit as a force, not a person.

How the traditions compare

  • Eastern Orthodox

    Confesses in the words of the Creed of 381 that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, and the Orthodox Church in America's catechism The Orthodox Faith rejects the filioque as "unscriptural and inconsistent with the Orthodox vision of God".

    The Spirit is given in chrismation, always celebrated together with baptism and described as the believer's personal Pentecost. A text of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America calls the Spirit "the agent of deification", and behind this teaching stands Gregory Palamas's distinction between God's essence and his uncreated energies.

    Sources1–3

  • Oriental Orthodox

    The Coptic, Ethiopian Tewahedo, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac Orthodox and Malankara Orthodox Syrian churches recognize only three ecumenical councils, as the Malankara Church's own site states.

    The Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States teaches that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, not from the Father and the Son, and argues that the filioque places the Spirit "in a state of subordination". An Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo monastery calls the filioque "an error", and each of these churches ties the gift of the Spirit to an anointing with myron that follows baptism.

    Sources4–7

  • Assyrian Church of the East

    Bases its teaching on the faith of the Nicene Creed, received at the synod of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 410, and its site does not address the procession of the Spirit or the filioque.

    Its baptism ends with a sealing, Confirmation, with the imposition of hands at the door of the altar. In 2001 the Catholic Church recognized as valid its Anaphora of Addai and Mari, whose epiclesis prays "let thy Holy Spirit come, O my Lord, and rest upon this offering of thy servants".

    Sources8–9

  • Roman Catholic Church

    The Catechism of the Catholic Church confesses the Spirit as "consubstantial with the Father and the Son" and affirms the filioque, while acknowledging that it was not in the Creed of 381 and describing the Eastern and Western formulas as a "legitimate complementarity".

    The Spirit is given in Baptism and sealed in Confirmation, conferred in the Latin rite by anointing the forehead with chrism. The Catechism teaches seven gifts and 12 fruits of the Spirit, and distinguishes charisms, "special graces" for the common good of the Church, from sanctifying grace.

    Sources10–14

  • Lutheran

    Luther's Small Catechism confesses that "the Holy Spirit has called me by the Gospel, enlightened me with His gifts, sanctified and kept me in the true faith".

    The Augsburg Confession, Article V, teaches that the Spirit is given through the Word and Sacraments "as through instruments" and condemns those who think the Spirit comes without the external Word, so it teaches no separate baptism in the Spirit after conversion. The Formula of Concord states that the Spirit proceeds from the Son as from the Father.

    Sources15–17

  • Reformed and Presbyterian

    The Heidelberg Catechism (1563) confesses that the Spirit, with the Father and the Son, is eternal God, and that the Spirit produces faith by the preaching of the gospel and confirms it by the sacraments.

    The Belgic Confession (1561) and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) confess the Spirit's eternal procession from the Father and the Son.

    Sources18–20

  • Anglican

    Article V of the Thirty-Nine Articles confesses the Holy Ghost as proceeding from the Father and the Son, "very and eternal God", and so retains the filioque, while Article XXV does not count confirmation among the Sacraments of the Gospel.

    The Lambeth Conference of 1988 recommended that future liturgical revisions print the Creed without the filioque, and the Episcopal Church accepts the Nicene Creed with or without it.

    Sources21–23

  • Methodist and Holiness

    The United Methodist Articles of Religion follow the Anglican article and confess the Spirit as proceeding from the Father and the Son.

    The Church of the Nazarene teaches entire sanctification as an act of God subsequent to regeneration, "wrought by the baptism with or infilling of the Holy Spirit".

    Sources24–26

  • Southern Baptist Convention

    The Baptist Faith and Message 2000 calls the Spirit "fully divine" and teaches that "At the moment of regeneration He baptizes every believer into the Body of Christ".

    The Spirit bestows the spiritual gifts by which believers serve God, and the article is silent on procession.

    Sources27

  • Mennonite

    The Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective (1995) holds that the Spirit is one with the Father and the Son and joins the new birth to the gift of the Spirit, with no later Spirit baptism marked by tongues.

    It treats prophecy as continuing, with new revelation tested in the community of faith against Christ in Scripture.

    Sources28–29

  • Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

    The Richmond Declaration of 1887, which speaks for the yearly meetings that adopted it, confesses one Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son, and one baptism, "with the Spirit alone".

    Evangelical Friends Church International calls the Spirit the third person of the Trinity and baptism "an inward receiving of the Holy Spirit". Britain Yearly Meeting holds no binding creed, and its members' views range from Christian to non-theist.

    Sources30–32

  • Classical Pentecostal

    The Assemblies of God teaches a baptism in the Holy Spirit "distinct from and subsequent to the experience of the new birth", witnessed by "the initial physical sign of speaking with other tongues".

    The Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) places it after a prior stage of sanctification, in the Wesleyan Pentecostal pattern. Both rest on Charles Fox Parham's teaching, from 1901, that tongues are the "initial evidence" of baptism in the Spirit.

    Sources33–35

  • Oneness Pentecostal

    The United Pentecostal Church International confesses one God "who has revealed Himself as Father; through His Son, in redemption; and as the Holy Spirit, by emanation", and its statement does not describe the Spirit as a distinct person.

    It teaches water baptism in the name of Jesus Christ and the baptism of the Holy Spirit with the initial sign of speaking in tongues. David A. Reed estimates the movement at 14 million worldwide and judges "heresy" an inadequate label.

    Sources36–37

  • Charismatic renewal and Vineyard

    In the Catholic Church, CHARIS, instituted in 2018, names the spread of "Baptism in the Holy Spirit" as one of the three dimensions of its work.

    Alan Schreck describes the dominant Catholic reading of Spirit baptism as "a renewal of the graces given in baptism and confirmation". Vineyard USA places Spirit baptism at conversion and affirms a filling of the Spirit for ministry, often a conscious experience, without a later stage or tongues as evidence.

    Sources38–40

  • Seventh-day Adventist Church

    Fundamental Belief 5 holds that the Spirit "is as much a person as are the Father and the Son" and was sent by the Father and the Son, with no formal clause on eternal procession.

    Belief 18 makes the gift of prophecy "an identifying mark of the remnant church", manifested in the ministry of Ellen G. White, with the Bible as the standard by which all teaching is tested.

    Sources41–42

  • Jehovah's Witnesses

    Teach that "The holy spirit is God's power in action, his active force", not a person and not equal to God.

    Because the Trinity is not taught, there is no doctrine of procession.

    Sources43–44

  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

    Teaches from Doctrine and Covenants 130:22 that the Holy Ghost "has not a body of flesh and bones, but is a personage of Spirit", a member of the Godhead beside a Father and Son who have bodies.

    After baptism members receive the gift of the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands.

    Sources45–46

  • Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations

    Its Statement of Faith (2012) confesses one God revealed as Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and teaches that believers receive "the empowering and sanctifying presence of the indwelling Ruach Ha Kodesh".

    Sources47

  • Christian Science

    Mary Baker Eddy's Science and Health defines the Holy Ghost as "Divine Science" and does not describe the Spirit as a divine person or state a procession.

    Sources48

  • Ruach ha-kodesh in Jewish sources

    John Bowker's Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions describes ruach ha-qodesh as God's breath and effective work, and states that it does not denote a separate person.

    The Encyclopaedia Judaica calls its connotation as divine inspiration "wholly post-biblical"; in rabbinic thought it is the spirit of prophecy that comes from God. Among medieval thinkers, Saadiah Gaon denies that the Spirit is a hypostasis, and Maimonides places it as the two lowest degrees of prophecy.

    Sources49–50

How the field developed

  1. Early church
    156 or 157

    Montanism, the New Prophecy, arises in Phrygia under Montanus with the prophetesses Priscilla and Maximilla; Epiphanius gives 156 or 157 and Eusebius about 172. Synods in Asia examine and condemn the prophecies, in the first major crisis over continuing prophecy.5152

  2. Late antiquity
    325

    The Creed of the Council of Nicaea ends simply "and in the Holy Spirit", leaving, in Philip Schaff's words, the doctrine of the Holy Ghost "comparatively open".53

  3. Late antiquity
    375

    Basil of Caesarea's On the Holy Spirit, conventionally dated 375, argues from the church's worship that the Spirit is to be glorified together with the Father and the Son.5354

  4. Late antiquity
    380

    Gregory of Nazianzus answers the question directly in his Fifth Theological Oration: "Is the Spirit God? Most certainly".5556

  5. Late antiquity
    381

    The creed credited to the Council of Constantinople confesses the Spirit as "the Lord and Giver-of-Life, who proceeds from the Father", worshipped and glorified together with the Father and the Son. Its first canon condemns the Pneumatomachi, who denied the Spirit's deity.57

  6. Late antiquity
    589

    At the Third Council of Toledo the Visigoths under Reccared sign the creed with the filioque, which Schaff calls the earliest date for the words in the creed. C. Shawn Smith argues that the manuscripts first show the addition at the Eighth Council of Toledo in 653.5859

  7. Medieval
    1014

    At the request of the Emperor Henry II, Benedict VIII allows the interpolated creed at mass, the first use with papal sanction; in 809 Leo III had opposed the insertion.58

  8. Medieval
    16 July 1054

    Cardinal Humbert lays a bull excommunicating Patriarch Michael Cerularius on the altar of Hagia Sophia, and the patriarch condemns the legates. On 7 December 1965 Paul VI and Athenagoras I resolve to remove the sentences of excommunication from memory.6061

  9. Medieval
    1274

    The Second Council of Lyon declares that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son "as from one principle". The Council of Blachernae of 1285 rejects the union and teaches, with Gregory II of Cyprus, an eternal manifestation of the Spirit through the Son.6263

  10. Medieval
    1341, 1347 and 1351

    Councils at Constantinople uphold Gregory Palamas, and the distinction between God's unknowable essence and his uncreated energies becomes official Orthodox doctrine.64

  11. Modern
    1674

    John Owen's Pneumatologia, a discourse concerning the Holy Spirit, appears as a stand-alone work, one year after the first recorded English use of the word in its general sense.6566

  12. Modern
    24 May 1738

    At a meeting in Aldersgate Street, John Wesley's heart is "strangely warmed". The Holiness movement of the following century is traced to his doctrine of Christian perfection.676869

  13. Modern
    1 January 1901

    Agnes Ozman speaks in tongues at Charles Fox Parham's school in Topeka, and the school concludes that tongues are the "Bible evidence" of Spirit baptism. Meetings at 312 Azusa Street, Los Angeles, begin on 14 April 1906.7071

  14. Modern
    1964

    The Second Vatican Council's Lumen Gentium, promulgated on 21 November, teaches that charisms are to be received with thanksgiving and that judgment of them belongs to the Church's appointed leaders.72

  15. Modern
    1978 and 1979

    Two Faith and Order consultations at Klingenthal recommend that the original third article of the Creed, without the filioque, be recognized everywhere as the normative one.7374

  16. Modern
    25 October 2003

    The North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation unanimously adopts "The Filioque: A Church-Dividing Issue?", asking among other things that the Catholic Church use only the original Greek text of the Creed of 381 in catechetical and liturgical translations.7576

How to study pneumatology

The questions it asks

  • Is the Spirit a power or a person?777849
  • Is the Spirit's work chiefly charismatic, or chiefly ethical and saving?777980
  • Does the Spirit proceed from the Father alone or from the Father and the Son, and what does "through the Son" mean?81
  • Is baptism in the Spirit a second experience after conversion, or part of conversion itself?8279
  • Have the miraculous gifts ceased, or do they continue in the present church?83
  • Is the Spirit at work in other religions, and how is the Spirit's presence discerned?8485

Its method

Start

  1. Start from the vocabulary: roughly 400 uses of ruach in the Hebrew Bible and roughly 400 of pneuma in the New Testament86.

  2. Recognize the limit of a word count: it cannot settle whether a given ruach is wind, breath, human spirit or divine spirit, since in texts such as Numbers 11 and Ezekiel 37 it is all of these at once86.

  3. Move to the exegesis of discrete texts in historical and canonical order86.

  4. Gather the results in a synthesis under themes; Gordon Fee follows the same three steps for Paul, from a lexical chapter through every letter to a synthesis under eschatology, the doctrine of God, soteriology and ecclesiology8678.

  5. Weigh the other routes from text to doctrine: historical exegesis, canonical reading, reception history and constructive theology each move from text to doctrine differently86.

  6. Read each tradition's teaching in its own confessional and catechetical texts, with article and paragraph numbers, and distinguish an official confession from a parish explanation or a theologian's proposal.

  7. Bring in systematic work by loci, comparative and interreligious study, and empirical, sociological and ethnographic approaches where the question calls for them8788.

  8. Consider starting from the Spirit itself: third article theology proposes to begin dogmatics with the Spirit, the subject of the Creed's third article89.

What to read

Its primary witnesses

  • The ruach texts of the Hebrew Bible, about 378 occurrences on the Blue Letter Bible's count and 377 on Bible Hub's, among them Genesis 1:2, Numbers 11, Isaiah 42, Ezekiel 36 and 37, and Joel 29091.
  • The Septuagint, which renders the holy spirit of Psalm 51:11 as pneuma to hagion92.
  • Second Temple writings: the Wisdom of Solomon, the Qumran Hodayot and Philo929394.
  • Rabbinic sources such as Tosefta Sotah 13:2, on the Holy Spirit departing from Israel after the last prophets while the Bat Kol was still heard9592.
  • The New Testament, where pneuma occurs 379 times in the Majority Text and 385 in the Textus Receptus, across the Synoptic Gospels, Luke-Acts, Paul, the Johannine writings with their Paraclete sayings, Hebrews, 1 Peter and Revelation9697.
  • Writings after the apostles, among them the Didache, Irenaeus's Against Heresies and Origen's De Principiis9899100.
  • The fourth-century texts: Athanasius's Letters to Serapion, Basil's On the Holy Spirit and Gregory of Nazianzus's Oration 311015455.
  • The creeds and conciliar decrees, from the Creed of 381 to the decrees of Lyon (1274) and Florence (1439)5762102.
  • Early Syriac literature, in which the Spirit is almost always grammatically feminine until about 400103.
  • The liturgical texts of the epiclesis, such as the Divine Liturgy of St John Chrysostom104.

Standard reference works

  • The T&T Clark Handbook of Pneumatology, edited by Daniel Castelo and Kenneth M. Loyer (2020), in 37 chapters105.
  • Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen's Pneumatology (2002; second edition 2018), which organizes the field by tradition, theologian and context106107.
  • Kärkkäinen's source reader Holy Spirit and Salvation (2010), with historical and contemporary texts108.
  • Myk Habets (ed.), Third Article Theology: A Pneumatological Dogmatics (2016)89.
  • Yves Congar's I Believe in the Holy Spirit, in three volumes (English 1983)109.
  • The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology, edited by Wolfgang Vondey110.
  • The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements (revised edition, 2002) and The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism (2014)111112.
  • Brill's Encyclopedia of Global Pentecostalism Online113.
  • The article "Ru'ah ha-Kodesh" in the Encyclopaedia Judaica50.
  • The journals Pneuma (from 1979) and the Journal of Pentecostal Theology (from 1992)114115.

Scholarship referenced in this study

The works below shaped the field and are cited in this study, from the earliest to the most recent. Hover over a book, or select it, to see its author and the sources behind it.

  • 1936The ComforterSergius BulgakovThe Comforter (1936)Sergius Bulgakov (passed away 13 July 1944, Russian Orthodox)Sources116–117
  • 1944The Mystical Theology of the Eastern ChurchVladimir LosskyThe Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (1944)Vladimir Lossky (1903 to 7 February 1958, Russian Orthodox)Sources118
  • 1963Der Heilige Geist als PersonHeribert MühlenDer Heilige Geist als Person (1963)Heribert Mühlen (27 April 1927 to 25 May 2006, Catholic)Sources119–120
  • 1978Treatise of Orthodox Dogmatic TheologyDumitru StaniloaeTreatise of Orthodox Dogmatic Theology (1978)Dumitru Staniloae (passed away 4 October 1993, Romanian Orthodox)Sources121
  • 1983I Believe in the Holy SpiritYves CongarI Believe in the Holy Spirit (1983)Yves Congar (13 April 1904 to 22 June 1995, Catholic)Sources109122
  • 1989The Holy Spirit and LiberationJosé ComblinThe Holy Spirit and Liberation (1989)José Comblin (1923 to 27 March 2011, Catholic)Sources123–124
  • 1992She Who IsElizabeth A. JohnsonShe Who Is (1992)Elizabeth A. JohnsonSources125
  • 1996Flame of Love: A Theology of the Holy SpiritClark H. PinnockFlame of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit (1996)Clark H. Pinnock (passed away 15 August 2010, Baptist)Sources126–127
  • 1996Power from on HighMax TurnerPower from on High (1996)Max TurnerSources128
  • 2008African Pentecostalism: An IntroductionOgbu U. KaluAfrican Pentecostalism: An Introduction (2008)Ogbu U. Kalu (1943 or 1942 to 7 January 2009, Presbyterian)Sources129–130
  • 2013God, Sexuality and the Self: An Essay 'On the Trinity'Sarah CoakleyGod, Sexuality and the Self: An Essay 'On the Trinity' (2013)Sarah CoakleySources131
  • 2018Pneumatology, second revised editionVeli-Matti KärkkäinenPneumatology, second revised edition (2018)Veli-Matti KärkkäinenSources106132

Listed because this study draws on their published work; no association with or endorsement of Numa Verse is implied. Suggest a correction.

Key terms

The words that carry the most weight in this field, each defined from the sources of this study. Turn a card over to read its definition.

The Hebrew noun for wind, breath and spirit, mostly feminine, which the King James Version renders "spirit" 232 times, "wind" 92 times and "breath" 27 times90.

The Greek noun for spirit, a neuter noun from the verb pneō, "to blow", whose range runs from the Holy Spirit and the vital principle to wind and breath96.

The Spirit's title in John 14:16, 14:26, 15:26 and 16:7; the Greek paraklētos has been rendered advocate, intercessor, teacher, helper and comforter97.

The Latin addition "and the Son" to the creed's confession that the Spirit proceeds from the Father; it entered the creed in Spain and was used at mass in Rome from 101458.

The Greek term for the Spirit's relation of origin to the Father alone, which the 1995 Vatican clarification distinguishes from the broader Latin processio81.

The invocation of the Spirit, defined by the Orthodox Church in America as "the calling upon or the invocation" of the Spirit on the gifts and on the people; the Catholic Catechism places it "at the heart of each sacramental celebration"133134.

A gift of the Spirit; the Catholic Catechism calls charisms "special graces" intended for the common good of the Church, and James Dunn treats charisma as "grace in action"14135.

In classical Pentecostal teaching, an experience distinct from and subsequent to the new birth, witnessed by speaking in tongues; James Dunn held that every Christian receives it in conversion-initiation3382.

The view that the miraculous gifts ceased; continuationism holds that they continue83.

A method that proposes to begin dogmatics with the Spirit, the subject of the Creed's third article89.

Where it sits

Builds on

Pneumatology

Leads to

Questions people ask

Most churches confess the Spirit as a divine person: the Catholic Catechism calls the Spirit consubstantial with the Father and the Son, and the Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Beliefs say the Spirit "is as much a person as are the Father and the Son"1041. Jehovah's Witnesses describe the holy spirit as God's active force, not a person, and Christian Science identifies the Holy Ghost with Divine Science4348. John Bowker describes ruach ha-qodesh in Jewish usage as God's breath and effective work, not a separate person49.

The filioque is the Latin addition "and the Son" to the creed's confession that the Spirit proceeds from the Father; it is not in the text of the Creed of 381 and was adopted at Rome in 101413658. It became the main doctrinal point of division between East and West: Britannica records that the Eastern churches have always rejected it as a "theological error" and an "unauthorized addition" to the creed137. Since the 1970s multilateral, bilateral and papal texts have taken it up, and it remains a subject of Orthodox-Catholic dialogue136.

The Assemblies of God teaches a baptism in the Holy Spirit distinct from and subsequent to the new birth, witnessed by the initial physical sign of speaking in tongues33. The Baptist Faith and Message holds that the Spirit baptizes every believer into the Body of Christ at regeneration, and Vineyard USA places Spirit baptism at conversion, with a filling that can be repeated2740. James Dunn argued that every Christian receives Spirit-baptism in conversion-initiation, and that it is what makes someone a Christian82.

Cessationism holds that they ceased, and continuationism that they continue83. B. B. Warfield's Counterfeit Miracles (1918) is a classic cessationist statement, while Craig S. Keener's Miracles (2011) argues that many miracle claims are best explained as divine acts138139. Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Four Views, edited by Wayne Grudem, sets cessationist, open but cautious, Third Wave and Pentecostal positions side by side83.

In 1957 G. J. Sirks called it "the Cinderella of Theology", arguing that nineteenth-century theology gave Christology the central place and left pneumatology little room140. The literature since then shows a field grown in range, from Yves Congar's I Believe in the Holy Spirit (English 1983) to the T&T Clark Handbook of Pneumatology (2020)109141. The rise of Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity, about 584 million people in Pew's count for 2010, turned it into one of the most active areas of theology142.

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  2. 2Chrismation, The Orthodox Faith, Volume II (Orthodox Church in America)https://oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-sacraments/chrismation (opens in a new tab)
  3. 3Spirituality, by Thomas Fitzgerald (Annunciation Cathedral, Chicago)https://www.annunciationcathedralchicago.org/about-orthodoxy/spirituality (opens in a new tab)
  4. 4The Church (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)https://mosc.in/the_church/ (opens in a new tab)
  5. 5Q&A on the procession of the Holy Spirit (Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States)https://qa.suscopts.org/index.php?qid=1082 (opens in a new tab)
  6. 6The Holy Spirit (Nine Saints Ethiopian Orthodox Monastery)https://ninesaintsethiopianorthodoxmonastery.org/docs/doctrine/holy-spirit/ (opens in a new tab)
  7. 7The Sacrament of Confirmation (CopticChurch.net)https://copticchurch.net/introduction-to-the-coptic-church/sacraments/2_confirmation (opens in a new tab)
  8. 8About us (Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East)https://www.assyrianchurch.org/about-us/ (opens in a new tab)
  9. 9Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East (Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity)https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiesa-assira-dell-oriente/altri-documenti/testo-in-inglese.html (opens in a new tab)
  10. 10Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 683 to 686 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1Y.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  11. 11Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 232 to 267 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  12. 12Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1293 to 1301 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3R.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  13. 13The Gifts and Fruits of the Holy Spirit, Catechism of the Catholic Church 1830 to 1832 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_one/chapter_one/article_7/iii_the_gifts_and_fruits_of_the_holy_spirit.html (opens in a new tab)
  14. 14Grace, Catechism of the Catholic Church 1996 to 2005 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_one/chapter_three/article_2/ii_grace.html (opens in a new tab)
  15. 15Small Catechism: The Apostles' Creed (Book of Concord, Concordia Publishing House)https://bookofconcord.cph.org/en/small-catechism/apostles-creed (opens in a new tab)
  16. 16Augsburg Confession, Article V (BookofConcord.org)https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/article-v/ (opens in a new tab)
  17. 17Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration VIII: The Person of Christ (BookofConcord.org)https://bookofconcord.org/solid-declaration/person-of-christ/ (opens in a new tab)
  18. 18Heidelberg Catechism (Christian Reformed Church in North America)https://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/confessions/heidelberg-catechism (opens in a new tab)
  19. 19Belgic Confession (Christian Reformed Church in North America)https://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/confessions/belgic-confession (opens in a new tab)
  20. 20Westminster Confession of Faith, chapter 2 (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://www.ccel.org/ccel/anonymous/westminster3.i.ii.html (opens in a new tab)
  21. 21Articles of Religion (Anglican Church of Canada)https://www.anglican.ca/resources/articles-of-religion/ (opens in a new tab)
  22. 22Resolutions of the Lambeth Conference 1988 (Anglican Communion)https://anglicancommunion.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/1988.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  23. 23Filioque, An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church (The Episcopal Church)https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/filioque/ (opens in a new tab)
  24. 24Articles of Religion (United Methodist Church)https://www.umc.org/en/content/articles-of-religion (opens in a new tab)
  25. 25What We Believe (Church of the Nazarene)https://nazarene.org/what-we-believe (opens in a new tab)
  26. 26Articles of Faith, Manual 2023 (Church of the Nazarene)https://nazarene.org/sites/default/files/2024-10/ArticlesOfFaith%28English%29.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  27. 27The Baptist Faith and Message 2000 (Southern Baptist Convention)https://bfm.sbc.net/bfm2000/ (opens in a new tab)
  28. 28Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective, Introduction (Mennonite Church Canada)https://mennonitechurch.ca/cof (opens in a new tab)
  29. 29Article 3. Holy Spirit, Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective (Mennonite Church USA)https://www.mennoniteusa.org/who-are-mennonites/what-we-believe/confession-of-faith/holy-spirit/ (opens in a new tab)
  30. 30Richmond Declaration of Faith, 1887 (QuakerInfo.com)https://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml (opens in a new tab)
  31. 31Statement of Faith (Evangelical Friends Church International)https://efc-international.org/statement-of-faith/ (opens in a new tab)
  32. 32Quakers and God (Britain Yearly Meeting)https://www.quaker.org.uk/faith/our-faith/quakers-and-god (opens in a new tab)
  33. 33Speaking in Tongues: The Initial Physical Evidence of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit (Assemblies of God)https://ag.org/-/media/AGORG/Beliefs/Resources/SpeakinginTongues.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  34. 34Declaration of Faith (Church of God, Cleveland, Tennessee)https://www.churchofgod.org/beliefs/declaration-of-faith (opens in a new tab)
  35. 35Pentecostalism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pentecostalism (opens in a new tab)
  36. 36Our Beliefs (United Pentecostal Church International)https://www.upci.org/about/our-beliefs (opens in a new tab)
  37. 37"In Jesus' Name": The History and Beliefs of Oneness Pentecostals (Wycliffe College)https://www.wycliffecollege.ca/jesus-name-history-and-beliefs-oneness-pentecostals (opens in a new tab)
  38. 38CHARIS: a new service for the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (Vatican News)https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-06/charis-a-new-service-for-the-catholic-charismatic-renewal.html (opens in a new tab)
  39. 39Catholic Charismatic Renewal Celebrates Golden Anniversary (National Catholic Register)https://www.ncregister.com/news/catholic-charismatic-renewal-celebrates-golden-anniversary (opens in a new tab)
  40. 40Core Values and Beliefs (Vineyard USA)https://vineyardusa.org/Vineyard-Core-Values-Beliefs.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  41. 41God the Holy Spirit, Fundamental Belief 5 (Adventist News Network)https://adventist.news/news/god-the-holy-spirit (opens in a new tab)
  42. 42Beliefs (Seventh-day Adventist Church)https://www.adventist.org/beliefs/ (opens in a new tab)
  43. 43What Is the Holy Spirit? (Jehovah's Witnesses, jw.org)https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/what-is-the-holy-spirit/ (opens in a new tab)
  44. 44The Holy Spirit: God's Active Force, Should You Believe in the Trinity? (Jehovah's Witnesses, jw.org)https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Should-You-Believe-in-the-Trinity/The-Holy-Spirit-Gods-Active-Force/ (opens in a new tab)
  45. 45Doctrine and Covenants 130 (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130?lang=eng (opens in a new tab)
  46. 46Gospel Principles, chapter 21: The Gift of the Holy Ghost (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-21-the-gift-of-the-holy-ghost?lang=eng (opens in a new tab)
  47. 47UMJC Statement of Faith (Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations)https://www.umjc.org/statement-of-faith (opens in a new tab)
  48. 48Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, by Mary Baker Eddy (Project Gutenberg)https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3458/pg3458.html (opens in a new tab)
  49. 49Holy Spirit, with entries by Hans Schwarz and John Bowker (Encyclopedia.com)https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/christianity-general/holy-spirit (opens in a new tab)
  50. 50Ru'ah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopaedia Judaica (Encyclopedia.com)https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ruah-ha-kodesh (opens in a new tab)
  51. 51Montanists, Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911 (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10521a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  52. 52Montanism (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Montanism (opens in a new tab)
  53. 53Basil, introductory material, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, volume 8 (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.vii.i.html (opens in a new tab)
  54. 54On the Holy Spirit, by Basil of Caesarea (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3203.htm (opens in a new tab)
  55. 55Oration 31, by Gregory of Nazianzus (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310231.htm (opens in a new tab)
  56. 56Gregory Nazianzen's Use of Scripture in Defence of the Deity of the Spirit (Tyndale Bulletin)https://tyndalebulletin.org/article/30552-gregory-nazianen-s-use-of-scripture-in-defence-of-the-deity-of-the-spirit.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  57. 57First Council of Constantinople, Creed and Canons (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3808.htm (opens in a new tab)
  58. 58Historical Excursus on the Introduction into the Creed of the Words "And the Son" (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.ix.iv.html (opens in a new tab)
  59. 59The Insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed and a Letter of Isidore of Seville, Journal of Early Christian Studies 22.2 (ProQuest)https://www.proquest.com/docview/1549053067 (opens in a new tab)
  60. 601054 The East-West Schism (Christian History Institute)https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/east-west-schism (opens in a new tab)
  61. 61Common Declaration of Paul VI and Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19651207_common-declaration.html (opens in a new tab)
  62. 62Second Council of Lyons 1274: History and Text (EWTN Library)https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/history-and-text-1468 (opens in a new tab)
  63. 63Gregory II of Cyprus and an Unpublished Report to the Synod, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 16.2 (Duke University Libraries)https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/8621 (opens in a new tab)
  64. 64Saint Gregory Palamas, The Orthodox Faith, Volume III (Orthodox Church in America)https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/church-history/fourteenth-century/saint-gregory-palamas (opens in a new tab)
  65. 65Perfecter of Every Divine Work: John Owen on the Holy Spirit (Christ Over All)https://christoverall.com/article/concise/perfecter-of-every-divine-work-john-owen-on-the-holy-spirit/ (opens in a new tab)
  66. 66Pneumatology (Merriam-Webster)https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pneumatology (opens in a new tab)
  67. 67Strangely Warmed: The Wesleys and the Evangelical Awakening (Christian History Institute)https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/strangely-warmed-wesleys (opens in a new tab)
  68. 68A Plain Account of Christian Perfection, by John Wesley (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/perfection.html (opens in a new tab)
  69. 69Holiness movement (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holiness-movement (opens in a new tab)
  70. 70Parham, Charles Fox (1873-1929), Encyclopedia of the Great Plains (University of Nebraska-Lincoln)https://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.rel.038.html (opens in a new tab)
  71. 711906 Los Angeles Revival (Revival Library)https://revival-library.org/histories/1906-los-angeles-revival/ (opens in a new tab)
  72. 72Lumen Gentium (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  73. 73Spirit of God, Spirit of Christ, Faith and Order Paper 103 (Internet Archive)https://archive.org/details/wccfops2.110/wccfops2.110 (opens in a new tab)
  74. 74Spirit of God, Spirit of Christ, full text (Internet Archive)https://archive.org/stream/wccfops2.110/wccfops2.110_djvu.txt (opens in a new tab)
  75. 75The Filioque: A Church-Dividing Issue? An Agreed Statement (ecumenism.net)https://ecumenism.net/archive/docu/2003_na-o-rc_filioque_en.php (opens in a new tab)
  76. 76The Filioque: A Church Dividing Issue? An Agreed Statement (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops)https://usccb.org/resources/filioque-a-church-dividing-issue (opens in a new tab)
  77. 77The Significance of Receiving the Spirit in Luke-Acts: A Survey of Modern Scholarship, Trinity Journal 2.2 (Galaxie Software)https://www.galaxie.com/article/trinj02-2-01 (opens in a new tab)
  78. 78Review of Fee, God's Empowering Presence (Themelios, The Gospel Coalition)https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/gods-empowering-presence-the-holy-spirit-in-the-letters-of-paul/ (opens in a new tab)
  79. 79William and Robert Menzies: Spirit and Power, Empowered for Witness, and The Development of Early Christian Pneumatology (Pneuma Review)https://pneumareview.com/william-and-robert-menzies-spirit-and-power-empowered-for-witness-and-the-development-of-early-christian-pneumatology/ (opens in a new tab)
  80. 80The Holy Spirit and Ethics in Paul, 2nd revised edition (Mohr Siebeck)https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/the-holy-spirit-and-ethics-in-paul-9783161527876 (opens in a new tab)
  81. 81The Greek and Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit (Catholic Culture)https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=1176 (opens in a new tab)
  82. 82Book Note: James Dunn's Baptism in the Holy Spirit, 2nd edition (Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary)https://dbts.edu/2012/02/21/book-note-james-dunns-baptism-in-the-holy-spirit-2nd-ed/ (opens in a new tab)
  83. 83Review of Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Four Views (Themelios, The Gospel Coalition)https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/are-miraculous-gifts-for-today-four-views/ (opens in a new tab)
  84. 84Redemptoris Missio (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_07121990_redemptoris-missio.html (opens in a new tab)
  85. 85Amos Yong: Discerning the Spirit(s) (Pneuma Review)https://pneumareview.com/amos-yong-discerning-the-spirits/ (opens in a new tab)
  86. 86The Spirit in the Christian Bible (St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology)https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/TheSpiritintheChristianBible (opens in a new tab)
  87. 87THEO2711, Undergraduate Programme and Module Handbook 2026-2027 (Durham University)https://apps.dur.ac.uk/faculty.handbook/2026/UG/module/THEO2711 (opens in a new tab)
  88. 88Pentecostal-Charismatic Movements Unit (American Academy of Religion)https://papers.aarweb.org/pu/pentecostal%E2%80%93charismatic-movements-unit (opens in a new tab)
  89. 89Third Article Theology (Fortress Press)https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9781451488869/Third-Article-Theology (opens in a new tab)
  90. 90H7307 rûaḥ (Blue Letter Bible)https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h7307 (opens in a new tab)
  91. 917307. ruach, Strong's Hebrew (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_7307.htm (opens in a new tab)
  92. 92Holy Spirit, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 (JewishEncyclopedia.com)https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7833-holy-spirit (opens in a new tab)
  93. 93Praying by the Holy Spirit in Hodayot (Israel Bible Center)https://weekly.israelbiblecenter.com/praying-by-holy-spirit-in-hodayot (opens in a new tab)
  94. 94Philo, Quis rerum divinarum heres sit 249 to 266, English (Perseids)https://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg0018/tlg015/1st1K-eng1/253-268 (opens in a new tab)
  95. 95Bat Kol, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 (JewishEncyclopedia.com)https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2651-bat-kol (opens in a new tab)
  96. 96G4151 pneuma (Blue Letter Bible)https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4151/kjv/tr/0-1/ (opens in a new tab)
  97. 97Paraclete, Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911 (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11469a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  98. 98The Didache (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm (opens in a new tab)
  99. 99Against Heresies IV.20, by Irenaeus (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103420.htm (opens in a new tab)
  100. 100De Principiis, Preface, by Origen (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04120.htm (opens in a new tab)
  101. 101Athanasius: Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit (Fourth Century Christianity)https://www.fourthcentury.com/?p=14198 (opens in a new tab)
  102. 102Bulla Laetentur caeli, 6 July 1439 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/eugenius-iv/en/documents/bulla-laetentur-caeli-6-iulii-1439.html (opens in a new tab)
  103. 103The Holy Spirit as Feminine in Early Syriac Literature, by Sebastian Brock (womenpriests.org)https://womenpriests.org/?p=1930 (opens in a new tab)
  104. 104The Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America)https://www.goarch.org/-/the-divine-liturgy-of-saint-john-chrysostom (opens in a new tab)
  105. 105T&T Clark Handbook of Pneumatology (Bloomsbury)https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/tt-clark-handbook-of-pneumatology-9780567667403/ (opens in a new tab)
  106. 106Review of Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Pneumatology (Pneuma Review)https://pneumareview.com/veli-matti-karkkainen-pneumatology/ (opens in a new tab)
  107. 107Pneumatology, 2nd Edition (Eden)https://eden.co.uk/christian-books/theology-books/pneumatology-2nd-edition (opens in a new tab)
  108. 108Brief review: Holy Spirit and Salvation (Englewood Review of Books)https://englewoodreview.org/brief-review-holy-spirit-and-salvation-veli-matti-karkkainen-ed-vol-4-1/ (opens in a new tab)
  109. 109Congar, I Believe in the Holy Spirit, volume 1, catalogue record (Ukrainian Catholic University Library)https://opac.ucu.edu.ua/bib/199892 (opens in a new tab)
  110. 110The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology (Routledge)https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Pentecostal-Theology/Vondey/p/book/9781138580893 (opens in a new tab)
  111. 111The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, review (Pneuma Review)https://pneumareview.com/the-new-international-dictionary-of-pentecostal-and-charismatic-movements/ (opens in a new tab)
  112. 112The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism: Then and Now (Cambridge University Press)https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-pentecostalism/then-and-now/9F977119102F107BE3576F84C7ED4410 (opens in a new tab)
  113. 113Brill's Encyclopedia of Global Pentecostalism Online (Brill)https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/db/egpo (opens in a new tab)
  114. 114Pneuma: overview (Brill)https://brill.com/view/journals/pneu/pneu-overview.xml (opens in a new tab)
  115. 115Journal of Pentecostal Theology: overview (Brill)https://brill.com/view/journals/pent/pent-overview.xml (opens in a new tab)
  116. 116Sergij N. Bulgakov 1871 to 1944: Zur Person (Universität Freiburg, Schweiz)https://www.unifr.ch/sergij-bulgakov/de/dokumentation/zur-person.html (opens in a new tab)
  117. 117The Comforter, translated by Boris Jakim (Monoskop)https://www.monoskop.org/images/6/67/Bulgakov_Sergei_The_Comforter_Grand_Rapids_2004.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  118. 118The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary)https://www.svots.edu/blog/mystical-theology-eastern-church (opens in a new tab)
  119. 119Review of Mühlen, Der Heilige Geist als Person, Münchener Theologische Zeitschrift 1964 (Universität München)https://mthz-ojs3test.ub.uni-muenchen.de/MThZ/article/download/1964H4S324-325/1224/1726 (opens in a new tab)
  120. 120Heribert Mühlen, notice de personne (Bibliothèque nationale de France)https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12625524g (opens in a new tab)
  121. 12120 Years Since the Passing Away of Father Dumitru Staniloae (Basilica.ro)https://basilica.ro/en/?p=82857 (opens in a new tab)
  122. 122Yves Congar (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yves-Congar (opens in a new tab)
  123. 123José Comblin 1923 to 2023 (Joseph Cardijn Reflections)https://reflections.josephcardijn.com/p/jose-comblin-1923-2023 (opens in a new tab)
  124. 124Comblin, José 1923-1988, Contemporary Authors (Encyclopedia.com)https://encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/comblin-jose-1923-1988 (opens in a new tab)
  125. 125Elizabeth A. Johnson, faculty page (Fordham University)https://www.fordham.edu/academics/departments/theology/faculty/elizabeth-a-johnson/ (opens in a new tab)
  126. 126Baptist theologian Clark Pinnock dies (Christian Century)https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2010-09/baptist-theologian-clark-pinnock-dies (opens in a new tab)
  127. 127Flame of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit (InterVarsity Press)https://shop.ivpress.com/flame-of-love (opens in a new tab)
  128. 128Max Turner: The Holy Spirit and Spiritual Gifts in the New Testament Church and Today (Pneuma Review)https://pneumareview.com/max-turner-the-holy-spirit-and-spiritual-gifts-in-the-new-testament-church-and-today/ (opens in a new tab)
  129. 129Kalu, Ogbu Oke (Dictionary of African Christian Biography)https://dacb.org/stories/nigeria/kalu-ogbu-oke/ (opens in a new tab)
  130. 130A Tribute to Ogbu U. Kalu (1942 to 2009), PentecoStudies (Equinox)https://journal.equinoxpub.com/PENT/article/view/14265 (opens in a new tab)
  131. 131Revd Professor Sarah Coakley FBA (British Academy)https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/profiles/sarah-coakley-FBA/ (opens in a new tab)
  132. 132Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, faculty profile (Fuller Theological Seminary)https://fuller.edu/faculty/veli-matti-karkkainen/ (opens in a new tab)
  133. 133Epiklesis, The Orthodox Faith, Volume II (Orthodox Church in America)https://oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/worship/the-divine-liturgy/epiklesis (opens in a new tab)
  134. 134Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1091 to 1109 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2X.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  135. 135Review of Dunn, Jesus and the Spirit (Themelios, The Gospel Coalition)https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/jesus-and-the-spirit-a-study-of-the-religious-and-charismatic-experience-of-jesus-and-the-first-christians-as-reflected-in-the-new-testament/ (opens in a new tab)
  136. 136Pope issues apostolic letter on the Creed, marking anniversary of Nicaea (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops)https://www.usccb.org/news/2025/pope-issues-apostolic-letter-creed-marking-anniversary-nicaea (opens in a new tab)
  137. 137Filioque (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/filioque (opens in a new tab)
  138. 138Counterfeit Miracles, by B. B. Warfield (Reformation Heritage Books)https://heritagebooks.org/products/counterfeit-miracles (opens in a new tab)
  139. 139Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts, by Craig S. Keener (Christianbook)https://www.christianbook.com/miracles-credibility-new-testament-accounts-vols/craig-keener/9780801039522/pd/039522 (opens in a new tab)
  140. 140The Cinderella of Theology: The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit, Harvard Theological Review (Cambridge University Press)https://core-cms.cambridgecore.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/cinderella-of-theology-the-doctrine-of-the-holy-spirit/4CDCD8E5B0A3126628235353E6C28AA6 (opens in a new tab)
  141. 141T&T Clark Handbook of Pneumatology (Logos Bible Software)https://logos.com/product/195671/tt-clark-handbook-of-pneumatology (opens in a new tab)
  142. 142Global Christianity: Movements and Denominations (Pew Research Center)https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-movements-and-denominations/ (opens in a new tab)

Page record

Reviewed and approved by Duane Herholdt, BA (Theology), Chief Executive Officer, Numa Verse

Study version: v1.3, 14 October 2026 (theology map v1.27)

Last reviewed: 9 November 2026

How these pages are made

  • 9 November 2026: First draft from the approved assessment v1.3.