Numa Verse

Systematic theologyWhat does it teach as a whole?

Soteriology

What is soteriology?

Soteriology is the theological study of salvation; in Christian theology it is closely tied to Christology. In a narrow sense it is the doctrine of the work of the Redeemer; in a wider sense, the whole doctrine of salvation: what Christ accomplished and how it reaches human beings. Its topics include atonement, grace, election, justification, sanctification, perseverance and deification.

  • 153Sources
  • 16Traditions
  • 16Dated entries
  • 15Minutes

Study v1.2, 14 October 2026

Soteriology

At a glance

Why it matters for reading Scripture

The doctrine of salvation: grace, faith, justification and atonement, where traditions most often divide.

What the study found

Salvation is studied as what Christ accomplished and how it reaches a person; several atonement models each have defenders and critics, and the 1999 Joint Declaration narrowed the old division over justification.

Where traditions divide

Catholics teach grace given in baptism with inner renewal; Orthodox, synergy and deification; Lutheran and Reformed, justification by faith alone; Methodists, prevenient grace and entire sanctification.

How the traditions compare

  • Soteriology

    How is a person saved?

    • Catholics: grace given in baptism with inner renewal
    • Orthodox: synergy and deification
    • Lutheran and Reformed: justification by faith alone
    • Methodists: prevenient grace and entire sanctification
    Positions

  • Roman Catholic

    The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that the grace of the Holy Spirit has the power to justify, cleansing from sin, and that "justification is conferred in Baptism, the sacrament of faith".

    Justification establishes cooperation between God's grace and human freedom and includes the remission of sins, sanctification and the renewal of the inner man, and no one can merit the initial grace of forgiveness and justification. The sacraments are necessary for salvation for believers; those who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel may achieve eternal salvation, and those who die still imperfectly purified undergo a final purification called Purgatory.

    Sources1–6

  • Eastern Orthodox

    Fr John Breck, writing for the Orthodox Church in America, states that salvation is by grace, denies that a person can build up a treasury of merits and calls salvation only the beginning of a pilgrimage that requires ascetic struggle; he names the human side synergy, cooperation with God.

    The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America teaches that justification and salvation depend on faith that works by love, and places Orthodox teaching between a Pelagian view and the view that salvation is God's work alone. The Confession of Dositheus (1672) holds that a person is justified not through faith alone but through faith which works through love, and the Orthodox Church in America's catechesis names the acquisition of the Holy Spirit as the very essence of Christian spiritual life. Deification (theosis) holds the central place in Eastern Orthodox theology.

    Sources7–11

  • Oriental Orthodox

    A Coptic Orthodox introduction drawing on Pope Shenouda III states that "grace is the center of the Alexandria theology", that works make faith perfect and that the believer receives rebirth in baptism.

    Shenouda argues that salvation and renewal of life are received through baptism, against what he summarizes as the Protestant view that these gifts are received only by faith. The Malankara Orthodox diocese of the United Kingdom, Europe and Africa teaches that each person is called to theosis or deification, with the sacraments and the life of the Church as the path.

    Sources12–15

  • Assyrian Church of the East

    A family separate from the Oriental Orthodox, it accepts only the first two ecumenical councils, is not in full communion with any other church and keeps its own East Syrian rite.

    Its catechism states that Christ came "to save humankind from sin, Satan, and death", and confesses one baptism for the remission of sin.

    Sources16–17

  • Lutheran

    The Augsburg Confession (Article IV) teaches that people cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits or works, and are "freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith".

    The Formula of Concord confesses justification through faith alone, in which God credits the righteousness of Christ's obedience, and adds that faith is never alone but always has love and hope with it; the regenerate will cooperates in all the works of the Holy Spirit. The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod's Brief Statement (1932) teaches that God has already declared the whole world righteous in Christ, the teaching often called objective justification.

    Sources18–21

  • Reformed and Presbyterian

    The Heidelberg Catechism (1563) teaches that God credits the believer with the perfect satisfaction, righteousness and holiness of Christ, and that the reward of good works is not earned but a gift of grace.

    The Westminster Confession teaches justification not by infusing righteousness but by pardon and imputation, with faith "the alone instrument of justification". The Canons of Dort teach that not all people have been chosen, that Christ's death is effective for "all those and only those who were chosen", and that perseverance rests on God, whose plan cannot be changed.

    Sources22–24

  • Anglican

    The Thirty-nine Articles, agreed in 1562 and confirmed by subscription in 1571, teach justification by faith only and hold that good works spring necessarily from a true and lively faith.

    They hold that after receiving the Holy Spirit a person may depart from grace given, and call Baptism a sign of regeneration by which the baptized are grafted into the Church. The Anglican Consultative Council, meeting at Lusaka in 2016, affirmed the substance of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification.

    Sources25–26

  • Methodist and Holiness

    The United Methodist Book of Discipline describes prevenient grace as the divine love that surrounds all humanity and precedes any conscious impulse, and holds that faith is the only response essential for salvation, which evidences itself in good works.

    John Wesley called salvation "a present thing" and divided it into justification, another word for pardon, and sanctification, which begins with the new birth and may reach entire sanctification or perfect love. The Church of the Nazarene describes entire sanctification as a second work of grace, subsequent to regeneration, and the Salvation Army holds that continuance in a state of salvation depends on continued obedient faith in Christ.

    Sources27–30

  • Baptist

    The Baptist Faith and Message 2000 states that there is no salvation apart from personal faith in Jesus Christ as Lord, and treats salvation as regeneration, justification, sanctification and glorification.

    It holds that all true believers endure to the end and defines baptism as an act of obedience symbolizing the believer's faith; the Second London Confession (1677 and 1689) follows Westminster on justification by imputation.

    Sources31–32

  • Mennonite

    The Mennonite Confession of Faith (1995) teaches that God's salvation is received in repentance and acceptance of Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord, that believers may be saved from sin to follow Christ, and that believers' baptism is a pledge before the church.

    The Anabaptist Schleitheim Confession of 1527 had set out a church of the baptized separated from the world.

    Sources33–34

  • Pentecostal

    The Assemblies of God teach that salvation is received through repentance toward God and faith toward the Lord Jesus Christ, that baptism in the Holy Spirit is distinct from and subsequent to the new birth, and that deliverance from sickness is provided for in the atonement.

    The United Pentecostal Church International, a Oneness body, teaches repentance, water baptism in the name of Jesus Christ and the baptism of the Holy Spirit with speaking in tongues. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu finds that in Ghanaian Pentecostalism "salvation is resolutely this-worldly", with protection from evil forces at its center.

    Sources35–37

  • Seventh-day Adventist

    The Seventh-day Adventist Church teaches that believers have the assurance of salvation now and in the judgment, and that since 1844 Christ has carried out a work of investigative judgment.

    Sources38–39

  • Churches of Christ and the Stone-Campbell Movement

    Walter Scott's five-finger plan of salvation set out faith, repentance, baptism, forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit.

    Jack Cottrell teaches that baptism is a salvation event and never a work of law, a view, as Christian Standard notes, long dismissed by most evangelicals as water regenerationist.

    Sources40–42

  • Friends (Quakers)

    Quakers state that there is something sacred, that of God, in every person, and Britain Yearly Meeting holds that outward sacraments are not, in its experience, necessary for the operation of God's grace.

    Sources43–44

  • Jehovah's Witnesses

    Jehovah's Witnesses honor Jesus as Savior and Son of God but deny that he is God Almighty and reject the Trinity.

    They teach deliverance through his ransom, everlasting life on a paradise earth for the faithful and a heavenly calling for 144,000.

    Sources45–46

  • Latter-day Saints

    The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints defines grace as divine help or strength extended through the Atonement of Jesus Christ, and teaches three kingdoms of glory.

    Asked whether Latter-day Saint baptism is valid, the Catholic Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith answered "Negative" on 5 June 2001.

    Sources47–49

How the field developed

  1. Early church
    2nd century

    Irenaeus of Lyons teaches that the Son of God became the Son of man and "recapitulated in Himself the ancient formation of man, that He might kill sin, deprive death of its power, and vivify man" (Against Heresies III.18.7).50

  2. Early church
    4th century

    Athanasius writes in On the Incarnation that the Word "was made man that we might be made God", and Gregory of Nazianzus states against Apollinarius that "that which He has not assumed He has not healed" (Letter 101).515253

  3. Late antiquity
    1 May 418

    About two hundred bishops at Carthage issue canons against Pelagianism, teaching that death came through sin, that infants need baptism for original sin and that grace is necessary for good works.54

  4. Late antiquity
    3 July 529

    The Second Synod of Orange, convened by Caesarius of Arles, issues twenty-five canons against what was later called semi-Pelagianism; Canon 5 teaches that even the beginning of faith is a gift of grace. The sources date Pope Boniface II's approval to 530 or to 25 January 531.555657

  5. Medieval
    1095 to 1098

    Anselm of Canterbury writes Cur Deus Homo, arguing that sin is a debt and an affront to God's infinite dignity that only one both fully divine and fully human could fittingly repair. Britannica credits him with originating the satisfaction theory, while Kirn records legal satisfaction in Western thought from Cyprian onward.585960

  6. Medieval
    1351

    A synod at Constantinople upholds Gregory Palamas, who distinguished God's unapproachable essence from his uncreated energies, and its Tomos becomes the authoritative Orthodox statement.6162

  7. Reformation
    31 October 1517

    Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses concern indulgences; in The Freedom of a Christian (1520) he teaches that the soul is justified by faith alone.6364

  8. Reformation
    25 June 1530

    The Augsburg Confession, of which Philipp Melanchthon was the principal author, is presented to Charles V; its Article IV teaches that people are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith.656618

  9. Reformation
    13 January 1547

    The Council of Trent's Decree on Justification teaches that justification begins with prevenient grace, with which a person can cooperate, and that it is "not remission of sins merely, but also the sanctification and renewal of the inward man".67

  10. Reformation
    1588 to 1607

    Luis de Molina's Concordia explains grace and freedom through God's middle knowledge, the Dominican Báñez answers with a physical predetermination of the will, and in 1607 Paul V leaves both schools free.6869

  11. Reformation
    1610; 1618 to 1619

    The Remonstrance teaches conditional election and grace that is not irresistible. The Synod of Dort answers that election is God's unchangeable purpose and that Christ's death was willed to redeem effectively "all those and only those" who were chosen.707172

  12. Modern
    24 May 1738

    John Wesley's heart is changed in Aldersgate Street, London; he places justification by grace through faith alone at the center of his teaching, joined to a doctrine of Christian perfection.7374

  13. Modern
    1931

    Gustaf Aulén's Christus Victor appears in English, arguing that the dramatic view of Christ's victory was the classic view of the early church.75

  14. Modern
    1964 to 1965

    The Second Vatican Council teaches in Lumen Gentium that the Church is necessary for salvation and that those who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel can attain salvation. Nostra Aetate states that the Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in other religions.7677

  15. Modern
    1971

    Gustavo Gutiérrez publishes A Theology of Liberation in Spanish, with the English translation following in 1973. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith answers in 1984, and in 1986 calls redemption from sin and death the most radical liberation.78798081

  16. Modern
    31 October 1999

    The Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church confirm the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification at Augsburg, confessing together: "By grace alone, in faith in Christ's saving work and not because of any merit on our part, we are accepted by God".82

How to study soteriology

The questions it asks

  • What did Christ's life, death and resurrection achieve, and how?8384
  • How does God draw a person into the new life, and how does that beginning relate to baptism and conversion?8586
  • How does a sinner come to stand right with God: by an act of acquittal, a transformation, or both?87
  • Can the justified fall away, and what can they know of their salvation?8885
  • Where does the line between grace and the human will fall?822420
  • Does God's love triumph for a limited elect, for all but those who reject God forever, or for all?89
  • Can those outside the Church be saved, and what does that mean for mission?7690

Its method

Start

  1. Start from the biblical vocabulary, Hebrew yasha, ga'al, padah and kipper and Greek sōzō, lytron, hilastērion, katallagē and dikaioō, whose meanings are still debated919293.

  2. Distinguish the two kinds of question: what Christ accomplished and how it reaches a person, which Reformed theology calls redemption accomplished and applied9495.

  3. Read the primary texts: the works of the Fathers, the scholastics and the Reformers, with the confessions and the dialogue documents.

  4. Describe each tradition in the words of its own official texts or church bodies, noting where a church's teaching is carried by liturgy and practice as much as by documents8.

  5. Place each model of the atonement in a classification: by the person on whom Christ's work terminates, as Warfield did; by Aulén's three types; or by Thurow's four classical theories and the motifs used within them967597.

  6. Test theories of atonement, hell and universalism for consistency, as philosophy of religion and analytic theology do9789.

  7. Read the ecumenical agreements for what the churches confess together and for the questions they leave open8298.

What to read

Its primary witnesses

  • The Hebrew Scriptures, where God is usually the subject of yasha and Leviticus 16 is the central setting of kipper9199.
  • The New Testament, among its texts Mark 10:45, Romans 3:24 to 28, Romans 8:23 and James 2:2410010193102.
  • The Fathers: Irenaeus's Against Heresies, Athanasius's On the Incarnation and Gregory of Nazianzus's Letter 101505153.
  • The medieval schools: Anselm's Cur Deus Homo, Peter Lombard's Sentences and Thomas Aquinas's Summa theologiae58103104.
  • The Reformers: Luther's The Freedom of a Christian and The Bondage of the Will, and Calvin's Institutes64105106.
  • The confessions: the Augsburg Confession, Trent's Decree on Justification, the Canons of Dort, the Westminster Confession, the Thirty-nine Articles and the Confession of Dositheus18677285259.
  • The teaching texts of today's churches, among them the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Baptist Faith and Message 2000, the Mennonite Confession of Faith (1995) and the Assemblies of God's Statement of Fundamental Truths1313335.
  • The dialogue documents, above all the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (1999) and the statements by which the Methodist, Anglican and Reformed communions joined it8210726108.

Standard reference works

  • The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries on atonement, on heaven and hell in Christian thought, and on religious pluralism9789109.
  • The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907 to 1912) articles on grace, predestination and merit, and Benjamin B. Warfield's article on the atonement in the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia11011111296.
  • Mysterium Salutis, edited by Johannes Feiner and Magnus Löhrer (1965 to 1981)113.
  • Herman Bavinck's Reformed Dogmatics, vol. 3, Sin and Salvation in Christ (Dutch 1895; Baker Academic, 2006), and Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics IV/1, The Doctrine of Reconciliation (T&T Clark, 1956)114115.
  • Alister McGrath's Iustitia Dei (1986; fourth edition, Cambridge, 2020)116117.
  • Vladimir Lossky's The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (1957) and Norman Russell's The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford, 2005)118119120.
  • The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views (IVP, 2006) and the T&T Clark Companion to Atonement (2017)121122.
  • The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007) and The Oxford Handbook of Deification (2024)123124.
  • The Journal of Theological Studies, the Scottish Journal of Theology, St Vladimir's Theological Quarterly and the International Journal of Systematic Theology125126127128.

Scholarship referenced in this study

The works below shaped the field and are cited in this study, from the earliest to the most recent. Hover over a book, or select it, to see its author and the sources behind it.

  • 1095 to 1098Cur Deus HomoAnselm of CanterburyCur Deus Homo (1095 to 1098)Anselm of Canterbury (1033 to 21 April 1109)Sources58–59
  • 1148 to 1151Four Books of SentencesPeter LombardFour Books of Sentences (1148 to 1151)Peter Lombard (c. 1100 to 21 or 22 August 1160)Sources103
  • 1520The Freedom of a ChristianMartin LutherThe Freedom of a Christian (1520)Martin Luther (10 November 1483 to 18 February 1546)Sources105
  • 1536 to 1559InstitutesJohn CalvinInstitutes (1536 to 1559)John Calvin (10 July 1509 to 27 May 1564)Sources106129–130
  • 1754Freedom of the WillJonathan EdwardsFreedom of the Will (1754)Jonathan Edwards (1703 to 22 March 1758)Sources131
  • 1856The Nature of the AtonementJohn McLeod CampbellThe Nature of the Atonement (1856)John McLeod Campbell (4 May 1800 to 27 February 1872)Sources132
  • 1971A Theology of LiberationGustavo GutiérrezA Theology of Liberation (1971)Gustavo Gutiérrez (8 June 1928 to 22 October 2024)Sources78–79
  • 1976Foundations of Christian FaithKarl RahnerFoundations of Christian Faith (1976)Karl Rahner (5 March 1904 to 30 March 1984)Sources133
  • 2005Christ Present in FaithTuomo MannermaaChrist Present in Faith (2005)Tuomo Mannermaa (29 September 1937 to 19 January 2015)Sources134–135
  • 2015Paul and the GiftJohn BarclayPaul and the Gift (2015)John BarclaySources136
  • 2019The Mosaic of AtonementJoshua M. McNallThe Mosaic of Atonement (2019)Joshua M. McNallSources137
  • 2020Approaching the AtonementOliver D. CrispApproaching the Atonement (2020)Oliver D. CrispSources138–139

Listed because this study draws on their published work; no association with or endorsement of Numa Verse is implied. Suggest a correction.

Key terms

The words that carry the most weight in this field, each defined from the sources of this study. Turn a card over to read its definition.

The process by which people remove obstacles to their reconciliation with God; the English word indicates a setting at one of two estranged parties83140.

In Catholic teaching, actual grace is a supernatural help of God for salutary acts, and sanctifying grace a quality inherent in the soul by which a person participates in the divine nature110141.

In the United Methodist Book of Discipline, the divine love that surrounds all humanity and precedes any and all conscious impulses27.

How a sinner comes to stand right with God; Trent defines it as remission of sins together with inner renewal, the Formula of Concord as absolution, a declaration free from sins876719.

The sequence in which Reformed theology sets out the applied work of salvation, from effectual calling through justification, adoption and sanctification to glorification9485.

The Orthodox name for the human side of salvation, cooperation with God7.

The raising of human beings to the dignity intended for them at creation, central in Eastern Orthodox theology; Britannica states that it does not mean dehumanization11.

Anselm's account, in which Christ's voluntary death is a fitting satisfaction for the dishonor sin does to God, which only God incarnate could provide97.

The view that Christ suffers the punishment due to humanity and so satisfies God's justice, rooted in Luther, Calvin and the Reformed and evangelical traditions97.

The restoration of all free creatures, of which the Catholic Encyclopedia names Origen as the chief source142.

Where it sits

Builds on

Soteriology

Leads to

Questions people ask

The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, confirmed at Augsburg on 31 October 1999, judges that the Lutheran teaching it presents does not fall under the condemnations of the Council of Trent, and that the condemnations of the Lutheran Confessions do not apply to Catholic teaching as presented82. It also lists questions still needing clarification, including ecclesiology, authority, ministry and the sacraments98. The World Methodist Council associated itself with the Declaration in 2006, the Anglican Consultative Council affirmed its substance in 2016 and the World Communion of Reformed Churches associated itself in 201710726108.

No: each model has defenders and critics, and several are often held together9796. Joshua Thurow treats ransom, satisfaction, penal substitution and moral influence as the four classical theories, and recapitulation, divinization and vicarious representation as motifs that can be used within them97. Recent writers such as Mark Baker and Joel Green, Oliver Crisp and Joshua McNall decline to choose a single model143139137.

Views differ. Thomas Talbott sets out an Augustinian view, in which God's love triumphs for a limited elect, a free-will view, in which some reject God forever, and universalism, in which God's love reconciles all89. Others hold conditional immortality, in which the damned finally cease to exist144. The Evangelical Alliance's report The Nature of Hell (2000) calls eternal conscious punishment the view most widely attested by the Church and rejects universalism, while Hans Urs von Balthasar argues that it is permitted to hope that hell might be empty145146.

The Second Vatican Council's Lumen Gentium teaches that those who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel can attain salvation, and Dominus Iesus (2000) holds that followers of other religions are objectively in a gravely deficient situation76147. The Lausanne Covenant (1974) affirms that "there is only one Saviour and only one gospel"90. Scholars commonly sort the options into exclusivism, inclusivism and pluralism, the typology of Alan Race's Christians and Religious Pluralism (1983)148109.

It is a reading of Paul named by James Dunn in his T. W. Manson Memorial Lecture at Manchester in 1982, published in 1983, which defines the works of the law by their social function of marking Israel off from the nations149150. E. P. Sanders's Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977) had compared Paul and the Judaism of his time, each on its own terms151. N. T. Wright defines justification as God's declaration that a person belongs to the single covenant family promised to Abraham, and John Piper answered such readings in The Future of Justification (2007)152153.

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  1. 1Catechism of the Catholic Church, I. Justification, paragraphs 1987 to 1995 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6Y.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  2. 2Catechism of the Catholic Church, In Brief, paragraphs 2017 to 2029 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P72.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  3. 3Catechism of the Catholic Church, III. Merit, paragraphs 2006 to 2011 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P70.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  4. 4Catechism of the Catholic Church, The Sacraments of Salvation, paragraphs 1127 to 1129 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P33.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  5. 5Catechism of the Catholic Church, The Marks of the Church, paragraphs 811 to 870 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  6. 6Catechism of the Catholic Church, III. The Final Purification, or Purgatory, paragraphs 1030 to 1032 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_one/section_two/chapter_three/article_12/iii_the_final_purification%2C_or_purgatory.html (opens in a new tab)
  7. 7"Salvation Is Indeed By Grace", John Breck, Life in Christ, 2 August 2010 (Orthodox Church in America)https://oca.org/reflections/fr.-john-breck/salvation-is-indeed-by-grace (opens in a new tab)
  8. 8The Fundamental Teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America)https://www.goarch.org/-/the-fundamental-teachings-of-the-eastern-orthodox-church (opens in a new tab)
  9. 9The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem 1672), from J. Robertson (1899), adapted by Dennis Bratcher (CRI/Voice Institute)https://www.crivoice.org/creeddositheus.html (opens in a new tab)
  10. 10The Orthodox Faith, Volume IV, "Orthodox Spirituality: The Holy Spirit" (Orthodox Church in America)https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/spirituality/orthodox-spirituality/the-holy-spirit (opens in a new tab)
  11. 11Deification (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/deification (opens in a new tab)
  12. 12Introduction to the Coptic Church, III: The Coptic Church and Dogmas, Part 2 (CopticChurch.net, St Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church, Jersey City)https://www.copticchurch.net/introduction-to-the-coptic-church/book/church3-2 (opens in a new tab)
  13. 13Pope Shenouda III, Comparative Theology: Is salvation through the word and not through water? (St-Takla.org)https://st-takla.org/books/en/pope-shenouda-iii/comparative-theology/salvation.html (opens in a new tab)
  14. 14Pope Shenouda III, Comparative Theology: The disagreements between us Orthodox and the Protestants regarding Baptism (St-Takla.org)https://st-takla.org/books/en/pope-shenouda-iii/comparative-theology/protestants.html (opens in a new tab)
  15. 15Faith and Doctrines (Indian Orthodox Diocese of UK-Europe and Africa)https://indianorthodoxuk.org/the-church/faith-and-doctrines (opens in a new tab)
  16. 16The Assyrian Church of the East, Ronald G. Roberson, The Eastern Christian Churches (Catholic Near East Welfare Association)https://cnewa.org/?p=113687 (opens in a new tab)
  17. 17Catechism of the Church of the East, Klutz and Toma, edited 2020 (Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East)https://bethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/catechism-of-the-Church-of-the-East-edited-in-the-year-2020.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  18. 18Augsburg Confession, Article IV (Book of Concord, Concordia Publishing House)https://bookofconcord.cph.org/en/augsburg-confession/chief_articles/article_iv (opens in a new tab)
  19. 19Formula of Concord, Epitome III: The Righteousness of Faith Before God (Book of Concord, Concordia Publishing House)https://bookofconcord.cph.org/en/formula-of-concord-epitome/iii_the_righteousness_of_faith_before_god (opens in a new tab)
  20. 20Formula of Concord, Epitome II: Free Will (Book of Concord, Concordia Publishing House)https://bookofconcord.cph.org/en/formula-of-concord-epitome/ii_free_will (opens in a new tab)
  21. 21A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod (1932), Of Justification (Project Wittenberg)https://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/mosynod/web/doct-08.html (opens in a new tab)
  22. 22Heidelberg Catechism (Christian Reformed Church in North America)https://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/confessions/heidelberg-catechism (opens in a new tab)
  23. 23Westminster Confession of Faith, Of Justification (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://www.ccel.org/ccel/anonymous/westminster3.i.xiii.html (opens in a new tab)
  24. 24Canons of Dort, PDF (Christian Reformed Church in North America, hosted copy)https://c-7118-20160429-www-crcna-org.i.icims.com/sites/default/files/CanonsofDordt.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  25. 25Articles of Religion, Book of Common Prayer (The Church of England)https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion (opens in a new tab)
  26. 26Anglican Consultative Council Resolution on the Joint Declaration, ACC-16, Lusaka, 19 April 2016 (IARCCUM Archive)https://iarccum.org/doc/578 (opens in a new tab)
  27. 27Distinctive Wesleyan Emphases, Book of Discipline 2016 (The United Methodist Church)https://www.umc.org/en/content/distinctive-wesleyan-emphases (opens in a new tab)
  28. 28John Wesley, Sermon 43, "The Scripture Way of Salvation", 1872 edition (Wesley Center Online, Northwest Nazarene University)https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-43-the-scripture-way-of-salvation/ (opens in a new tab)
  29. 29What We Believe (Church of the Nazarene)https://nazarene.org/what-we-believe/ (opens in a new tab)
  30. 30Doctrines (The Salvation Army, Scranton Corps)https://pa.salvationarmy.org/scranton/doctrines (opens in a new tab)
  31. 31The Baptist Faith and Message 2000 (Southern Baptist Convention)https://bfm.sbc.net/bfm2000/ (opens in a new tab)
  32. 321677/89 London Baptist Confession of Faith, chapter XI, Of Justification (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/anonymous/bcf/bcf.ii.xii.html (opens in a new tab)
  33. 33Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective, pamphlet, MennoMedia 1995, 2014 (Mennonite Church USA)https://www.mennoniteusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ConfessionOfFaith_pamphlet2014_LowRez.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  34. 34Schleitheim Confession (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Schleitheim-Confession (opens in a new tab)
  35. 35Statement of Fundamental Truths (Assemblies of God USA)https://ag.org/Beliefs/Statement-of-Fundamental-Truths (opens in a new tab)
  36. 36Our Beliefs (United Pentecostal Church International)https://www.upci.org/about/our-beliefs (opens in a new tab)
  37. 37Marius Nel, review of Asamoah-Gyadu, Sighs and Signs of the Spirit (Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 43.1, 2017)https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/SHE/article/download/404/328/3835 (opens in a new tab)
  38. 38Fundamental Belief 10: The Experience of Salvation (Seventh-day Adventist Church)https://www.adventist.org/beliefs/official/experience-of-salvation (opens in a new tab)
  39. 39Beliefs, 28 Fundamental Beliefs (Seventh-day Adventist Church)https://www.adventist.org/beliefs/ (opens in a new tab)
  40. 40Disciples of Christ, David Edwin Harrell Jr. and other entries (Encyclopedia.com)https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/protestant-denominations/disciples-christ (opens in a new tab)
  41. 41Blog archive tagged Baptism, 2010 to 2011 (Jack Cottrell)https://jackcottrell.com/tag/baptism/page/3/ (opens in a new tab)
  42. 42Understanding Four Views of Baptism, Mark S. Krause, 8 March 2009 (Christian Standard)https://christianstandard.com/?p=1138 (opens in a new tab)
  43. 43Our Beliefs (Quakers in Scotland)https://www.quaker.scot/our-beliefs (opens in a new tab)
  44. 44Quaker Faith and Practice, fifth edition, chapter 27 (Britain Yearly Meeting)https://qfp.quaker.org.uk/chapter/27/ (opens in a new tab)
  45. 45What Do Jehovah's Witnesses Believe? (jw.org)https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/faq/jehovah-witness-beliefs/ (opens in a new tab)
  46. 46"The Ransom: A 'Perfect Present' From the Father", The Watchtower, February 2017 (Watchtower Online Library)https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2017287 (opens in a new tab)
  47. 47Gospel Topics: Grace (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/grace?lang=eng (opens in a new tab)
  48. 48Gospel Topics: Kingdoms of Glory (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/kingdoms-of-glory?lang=eng (opens in a new tab)
  49. 49Response to a dubium on the validity of baptism conferred by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 5 June 2001 (Holy See, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  50. 50Irenaeus, Against Heresies, Book III, chapter 18, ANF translation (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103318.htm (opens in a new tab)
  51. 51Athanasius, On the Incarnation of the Word, NPNF translation (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2802.htm (opens in a new tab)
  52. 52Athanasius, Incarnation of the Word, section 54 (Bibliothek der Kirchenväter, University of Fribourg)https://bkv.unifr.ch/works/cpg-2091/versions/incarnation-of-the-word/divisions/55 (opens in a new tab)
  53. 53Gregory Nazianzen, Letter 101 to Cledonius against Apollinarius (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3103a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  54. 54Pelagius and Pelagianism, J. Pohle, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11604a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  55. 55Semipelagianism (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13703a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  56. 56Canons of the Council of Orange (529) (Fordham University Internet History Sourcebooks)https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/orange.txt (opens in a new tab)
  57. 57Councils of Orange (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11266b.htm (opens in a new tab)
  58. 58Saint Anselm, Thomas Williams, revised 2023 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/ (opens in a new tab)
  59. 59Saint Anselm of Canterbury (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Anselm-of-Canterbury (opens in a new tab)
  60. 60O. Kirn, "Redemption", New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. IX (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc09/encyc09.html?term=Redemption (opens in a new tab)
  61. 61Hesychasm, Adrian Fortescue, 1910 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07301a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  62. 62Hesychasm (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hesychasm (opens in a new tab)
  63. 63Ninety-five Theses (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/event/Ninety-five-Theses (opens in a new tab)
  64. 64Martin Luther, Treatise on Christian Liberty (1520), excerpt (Hanover College)https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/161luther.html (opens in a new tab)
  65. 65Augsburg Confession (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/Augsburg-Confession (opens in a new tab)
  66. 66Philipp Melancthon, Klemens Löffler, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10151a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  67. 67Council of Trent, Sixth Session, Waterworth translation, 1848 (Hanover Historical Texts Project)https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html (opens in a new tab)
  68. 68Molinism, J. Pohle, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10437a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  69. 69Congregatio de Auxiliis, A. Astrain, 1908 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04238a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  70. 70The Five Arminian Articles (1610), Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, vol. III (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.iv.xv.html (opens in a new tab)
  71. 71Jacobus Arminius (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacobus-Arminius (opens in a new tab)
  72. 72Canons of Dordt (1618 to 1619) (Fordham University Internet History Sourcebooks)https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/mod/1619dordt.asp (opens in a new tab)
  73. 73John Wesley (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wesley (opens in a new tab)
  74. 74John Wesley, A Plain Account of Christian Perfection (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/perfection.html (opens in a new tab)
  75. 75Gustaf Aulén, Christus Victor, SPCK Classics, 2010 (SPCK Publishing)https://spckpublishing.co.uk/christus-victor-pb (opens in a new tab)
  76. 76Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium, 21 November 1964 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  77. 77Second Vatican Council, Nostra Aetate, 28 October 1965 (Holy See)https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  78. 78Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation, 50th Anniversary Edition (Orbis Books)https://orbisbooks.com/products/9781626985414 (opens in a new tab)
  79. 79Gustavo Gutiérrez (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustavo-Gutierrez (opens in a new tab)
  80. 80Instruction on Certain Aspects of the "Theology of Liberation", 6 August 1984 (Holy See, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19840806_theology-liberation_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  81. 81Instruction on Christian Freedom and Liberation, 22 March 1986 (Holy See, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19860322_freedom-liberation_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  82. 82Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, with Official Common Statement and Annex, 1999 (Lutheran World Federation)https://lutheranworld.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/original_jddj_english.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  83. 83Atonement (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/atonement-religion (opens in a new tab)
  84. 84Redemption, Joseph Sollier, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12677d.htm (opens in a new tab)
  85. 85The Westminster Confession of Faith (Orthodox Presbyterian Church)https://www.opc.org/wcf.html (opens in a new tab)
  86. 86Regeneration, Joseph Pohle, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12714a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  87. 87Justification (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/topic/justification-Christianity (opens in a new tab)
  88. 88Final Perseverance, Joseph Sollier, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11711a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  89. 89Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought, Thomas Talbott, 2013, revised 2025 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heaven-hell/ (opens in a new tab)
  90. 90The Lausanne Covenant, 1974 (Lausanne Movement)https://lausanne.org/statement/lausanne-covenant (opens in a new tab)
  91. 91Strong's Hebrew 3467, yasha, with Brown-Driver-Briggs (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3467.htm (opens in a new tab)
  92. 92Jacob Milgrom, "Kipper" (Encyclopaedia Judaica, Encyclopedia.com)https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/kipper (opens in a new tab)
  93. 93Strong's Greek 2435, hilasterion (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/greek/2435.htm (opens in a new tab)
  94. 94The Westminster Shorter Catechism (Orthodox Presbyterian Church)https://www.opc.org/sc.html (opens in a new tab)
  95. 95John Murray, author biography (Banner of Truth)https://banneroftruth.org/us/about/banner-authors/john-murray/ (opens in a new tab)
  96. 96Benjamin B. Warfield, "Atonement", New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. I, 1908 (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01/encyc01.html?term=Atonement (opens in a new tab)
  97. 97Atonement, Joshua C. Thurow, 2023 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atonement/ (opens in a new tab)
  98. 98Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (1997 to 1999), English text (Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity)https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-occidentale/luterani/dialogo/documenti-di-dialogo/1999-dichiarazione-congiunta-sulla-dottrina-della-giustificazion/en.html (opens in a new tab)
  99. 99Strong's Hebrew 3722, kaphar (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3722.htm (opens in a new tab)
  100. 100Strong's Greek 3083, lytron (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/greek/3083.htm (opens in a new tab)
  101. 101Strong's Greek 629, apolytrosis (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/greek/629.htm (opens in a new tab)
  102. 102Strong's Greek 1344, dikaioo (Bible Hub)https://biblehub.com/greek/1344.htm (opens in a new tab)
  103. 103Peter Lombard (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard (opens in a new tab)
  104. 104Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I-II, question 109, The necessity of grace (New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2109.htm (opens in a new tab)
  105. 105Martin Luther, Volker Leppin, revised 2025 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/luther/ (opens in a new tab)
  106. 106John Calvin, William Barry, 1908 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03195b.htm (opens in a new tab)
  107. 107World Methodist Council Statement of Association with the Joint Declaration, Seoul, 23 July 2006 (Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity)https://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-occidentale/consiglio-metodista-mondiale/relazioni/en.html (opens in a new tab)
  108. 108"WCRC joins declaration to overcome Reformation divisions", 6 July 2017 (Presbyterian Church U.S.A.)https://pcusa.org/news-storytelling/news/2017/7/6/wcrc-joins-declaration-overcome-reformation-divisions (opens in a new tab)
  109. 109Religious Pluralism, David Basinger, 2004, revised 2025 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religious-pluralism/ (opens in a new tab)
  110. 110Grace, 1909 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06689a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  111. 111Predestination, Joseph Pohle, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12378a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  112. 112Merit, Joseph Pohle, 1911 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10202b.htm (opens in a new tab)
  113. 113Löhrer, Magnus, Victor Conzemius, 2006, revised 2009 (Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz)https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/009912/2009-10-15/ (opens in a new tab)
  114. 114Sin and Salvation in Christ, 2006 (Johannelund Theological University College Library catalogue)https://bibliotekils.johannelund.nu/bib/137647 (opens in a new tab)
  115. 115Church Dogmatics IV/1, The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 1, bibliography entry 1956-091 (The T. F. Torrance Theological Fellowship)https://tftorrance.org/taxonomy/term/1956-091 (opens in a new tab)
  116. 116Iustitia Dei, fourth edition, copyright page, 2020 (Cambridge University Press)https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/72562/copyright/9781108472562_copyright_info.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  117. 117Iustitia Dei: Introduction (Cambridge Core)https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/iustitia-dei/introduction/398A9A04D5407BA1F4ADAE2E72261BE4 (opens in a new tab)
  118. 118The mystical theology of the Eastern Church (CiNii Books, National Institute of Informatics, Japan)https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00856821 (opens in a new tab)
  119. 119The mystical theology of the Eastern Church, 1976 (University of Notre Dame Hesburgh Libraries catalogue)https://findit.library.nd.edu/Record/000692083 (opens in a new tab)
  120. 120The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford University Press)https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-doctrine-of-deification-in-the-greek-patristic-tradition-9780199205974 (opens in a new tab)
  121. 121The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views (InterVarsity Press)https://www.ivpress.com/the-nature-of-the-atonement (opens in a new tab)
  122. 122Review of T & T Clark Companion to Atonement by Scott Ables, 2018 (Reading Religion, American Academy of Religion)https://readingreligion.org/9780567565532/t-and-t-clark-companion-to-atonement/ (opens in a new tab)
  123. 123The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (Oxford University Press)https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-systematic-theology-9780199245765 (opens in a new tab)
  124. 124Professor Paul L. Gavrilyuk appointed inaugural Michael Huffington Chair of Eastern Orthodox Christianity (University of Oxford, Faculty of Theology and Religion)https://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/node/4988581 (opens in a new tab)
  125. 125The Journal of Theological Studies (Oxford Academic)https://academic.oup.com/jts (opens in a new tab)
  126. 126Scottish Journal of Theology (Cambridge Core)https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/scottish-journal-of-theology (opens in a new tab)
  127. 127Home page (St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary)https://www.svots.edu/ (opens in a new tab)
  128. 128International Journal of Systematic Theology (Wiley Online Library)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14682400 (opens in a new tab)
  129. 129John Calvin (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin (opens in a new tab)
  130. 130Institutes, table of contents, Beveridge (Christian Classics Ethereal Library)https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/institutes.toc.html (opens in a new tab)
  131. 131Jonathan Edwards, William Wainwright, revised 2020 (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/ (opens in a new tab)
  132. 132John McLeod Campbell (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-McLeod-Campbell (opens in a new tab)
  133. 133Karl Rahner (Encyclopaedia Britannica)https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Rahner (opens in a new tab)
  134. 134Muistokirjoitus: Tuomo Mannermaa, 2015 (Finnish Academy of Science and Letters)https://www.acadsci.fi/vk/2015/muisto_mannermaa.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  135. 135Christ Present in Faith, 2005 (Fortress Press)https://fortresspress.com/store/product/9780800637118/Christ-Present-in-Faith (opens in a new tab)
  136. 136Professor John Barclay, staff profile (Durham University)https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/john-barclay/ (opens in a new tab)
  137. 137Joshua M. McNall, The Mosaic of Atonement, 2019 (Zondervan Academic)https://zondervanacademic.com/products/the-mosaic-of-atonement (opens in a new tab)
  138. 138Prof Oliver Crisp (University of St Andrews School of Divinity)https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/people/odc (opens in a new tab)
  139. 139Oliver D. Crisp, Approaching the Atonement, 2020 (InterVarsity Press)https://www.ivpress.com/approaching-the-atonement (opens in a new tab)
  140. 140"Atonement", New Catholic Encyclopedia, K. F. Dougherty, and Encyclopaedia Judaica (Encyclopedia.com)https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/atonement (opens in a new tab)
  141. 141Sanctifying Grace (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06701a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  142. 142Apocatastasis, Pierre Batiffol, 1907 (Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent)https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01599a.htm (opens in a new tab)
  143. 143Mark D. Baker and Joel B. Green, Recovering the Scandal of the Cross, 2nd edition, 2011 (InterVarsity Press)https://www.ivpress.com/recovering-the-scandal-of-the-cross (opens in a new tab)
  144. 144C. P. Ragland, "Hell" (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)https://iep.utm.edu/hell/ (opens in a new tab)
  145. 145The Nature of Hell: Conclusions and Recommendations, 2000 (Evangelical Alliance UK, ACUTE)https://www.eauk.org/church/resources/theological-articles/upload/The-Nature-of-Hell-2.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  146. 146Remembering Hans Urs von Balthasar's Important Book, 12 January 2015 (Word on Fire)https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/remembering-hans-urs-von-balthasars-important-book/ (opens in a new tab)
  147. 147Dominus Iesus, 6 August 2000 (Holy See, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith)https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000806_dominus-iesus_en.html (opens in a new tab)
  148. 148Esra Akay Dag, Problematising the Islamic Theology of Religions (Religions 13.3, MDPI, 2022)https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/13/3/223 (opens in a new tab)
  149. 149Lectures and seminars, T. W. Manson Memorial Lecture (University of Manchester, Centre for Biblical Studies)https://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/religions-and-theology/research/centres/centre-for-biblical-studies/lectures/ (opens in a new tab)
  150. 150J. D. G. Dunn, The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays, WUNT 185 (2005), sample (Mohr Siebeck, via e-bookshelf)https://content.e-bookshelf.de/media/reading/L-8528580-5dcdde2df0.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  151. 151E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism, 40th Anniversary Edition, 2017 (Fortress Press)https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9781506438146/Paul-and-Palestinian-Judaism (opens in a new tab)
  152. 152N. T. Wright, "New Perspectives on Paul", Tenth Edinburgh Dogmatics Conference (N. T. Wright Page)https://ntwrightpage.com/2016/07/12/new-perspectives-on-paul/ (opens in a new tab)
  153. 153John Piper, The Future of Justification, 2007 (Crossway)https://www.crossway.org/books/the-future-of-justification-tpb/ (opens in a new tab)

Page record

Reviewed and approved by Duane Herholdt, BA (Theology), Chief Executive Officer, Numa Verse

Study version: v1.2, 14 October 2026 (theology map v1.27)

Last reviewed: 9 November 2026

How these pages are made

  • 9 November 2026: First draft from the approved assessment v1.2.