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Book of Enoch

What is Book of Enoch?

The Book of Enoch is not one book but a family of Jewish and Christian writings that grew out of six verses in Genesis. 1 Enoch is an anthology of five works composed between about the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE, four of them attested in Aramaic at Qumran and the whole complete only in Ge'ez.

  • 109Sources
  • 7Traditions
  • 16Dated entries
  • 11Minutes

Study v1.1, 9 October 2026

Book of Enoch

At a glance

Why it matters for reading Scripture

Jude quotes 1 Enoch, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church holds it as Scripture. It belongs to the writings of the Second Temple period.

What the study found

1 Enoch was never removed from the Bible: it was never in the Hebrew Bible or any Greek or Latin canon list, but it is quoted in Jude and survived whole in Ethiopia.

Where traditions divide

The Ethiopian and Eritrean churches read it as Scripture within a canon traditionally counted as 81 books; most other churches do not; scholars dispute the date of the Parables.

How the traditions compare

  • Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches

    Hold Enoch (Henok) and Jubilees as scripture within a canon traditionally called "the 81 books".

    The count is traditional rather than a single fixed table of contents, and R. W. Cowley distinguished a narrower canon, used in church prayers and the large printed Bibles, from a broader one that adds church-order and historical books. A church-affiliated site says the book exists entire only in Ge'ez, shapes Ethiopian angelology and eschatology, and that the Ge'ez text retains authority over modern Amharic. Ethiopia received Enoch with its Greek scriptures while the book was still widely read, and was distant from the Mediterranean centers that later narrowed the canon.

    Sources1–5

  • Beta Israel

    The Jews of Ethiopia preserved and used Enoch alongside Jubilees.

    How it ranks within their own scriptural tradition is to be described in that tradition's own terms.

    Sources6

  • Rabbinic Judaism

    Never treated Enoch as scripture.

    Genesis Rabbah 26:5 records Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai reading the "sons of God" as sons of judges and cursing anyone who calls them sons of God, one voice preserved in a later compilation rather than a decision about the book. Annette Yoshiko Reed argues that the rabbis set aside Enochic literature after the Bar Kokhba revolt, and later Hekhalot tradition took Enoch up again as Metatron.

    Sources7–9

  • Coptic Orthodox Church

    Does not accept Enoch, because it is not in the Septuagint.

    As the Coptic church is Ethiopia's historic mother church, the Ethiopian position is a distinct local tradition rather than a preserved "original" canon.

    Sources10

  • Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and Protestant churches

    Do not treat 1 Enoch as scripture, though most value it as background.

    Catholic, evangelical and other writers argue that quoting a source does not canonize it, comparing Paul's quotations of Greek poets. One Eastern Orthodox writer places it among books "preserved by and for the faithful" but not read liturgically as scripture.

    Sources11–15

  • Latter-day Saints

    Have their own revealed Enoch material in Moses 6 to 7, which is separate from 1 Enoch; whether Joseph Smith knew Laurence's translation is debated.

    Sources16–17

  • Adventist voices

    Diverge, from appreciative scholarship to dismissal; the sources record no official statement.

    Sources18

How the field developed

  1. Second Temple
    3rd century BCE

    1 Enoch begins to be written in stages, not by the patriarch: the Book of the Watchers (chapters 1 to 36) and the Astronomical Book (72 to 82) are usually dated to the 3rd century BCE or earlier.19

  2. Second Temple
    2nd century BCE

    Aramaic copies circulate: by handwriting, 4Q208 is placed in the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE and 4Q201 at about 200 to 150 BCE. Jubilees already calls Enoch the first to learn writing, knowledge and wisdom.202122

  3. Second Temple
    c. 165 to 160 BCE

    The Animal Apocalypse of the Dream Visions is written; its allusions to the Maccabean crisis, with a horned ram usually read as Judas Maccabeus, are what allow scholars to date it.2324

  4. Second Temple
    Turn of the era

    The Parables, the Son of Man section, are placed by Nickelsburg and VanderKam between the late 1st century BCE and the early 1st century CE, though there is no agreed fixed range.2526

  5. Second Temple
    New Testament

    Jude 14 to 15 quotes 1 Enoch 1:9, the one direct, acknowledged quotation, and names Enoch, the seventh from Adam.2728

  6. Early church
    2nd and 3rd centuries

    Barnabas, Irenaeus and Tertullian use Enoch. Tertullian gives the fullest defense, and VanderKam calls him the first known writer to defend the book's genuineness openly.293031

  7. Early church
    c. 300 to 500 CE

    The book is slowly marginalized in most churches, and no council removes it. Jerome classes it as apocryphal, and Augustine says it was not in the Hebrew canon.323334

  8. Early church
    4th to 7th century

    Enoch is translated from Greek into Ge'ez, usually placed in the Aksumite period; the precise date is uncertain.435

  9. Medieval
    Early 9th century

    George Syncellus preserves Greek extracts of chapters 6 to 10 and 15 to 16 in his chronicle.3236

  10. Medieval
    14th and 15th centuries

    The oldest complete Ge'ez manuscripts are copied, among them Kebran 9 from Lake Tana, of the late 14th or early 15th century, and EMML 2080, of the 15th century.3738

  11. Reformation
    1606

    Joseph Scaliger publishes Syncellus's Greek extracts.39

  12. Modern
    1773

    James Bruce brings Ge'ez copies to Europe, three in most sources and two in the Jewish Encyclopedia. He did not discover a lost book: Ethiopian communities had copied and used it continuously.403241

  13. Modern
    1800 and 1821

    Silvestre de Sacy publishes Latin extracts in 1800, and Richard Laurence the first English translation in 1821.424344

  14. Modern
    1906 to 1917

    R. H. Charles publishes a critical Ge'ez text with the Greek fragments (1906), the Clarendon translation The Book of Enoch or 1 Enoch (1912) and the popular SPCK translation The Book of Enoch (1917), two separate publications.454647

  15. Modern
    1976

    J. T. Milik publishes the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4, which cover four of the five books and nothing of the Parables.4849

  16. Modern
    2001 and 2012

    The Hermeneia commentary appears in two volumes: Nickelsburg's 1 Enoch 1 (2001) and Nickelsburg and VanderKam's 1 Enoch 2 (2012).1925

How to study Book of Enoch

The questions it asks

  • When were the Parables, the Son of Man section, written, and in what original language?2650
  • Does the surviving Ethiopic text of 71:14 identify Enoch as the Son of Man, and what did the earliest form of the Parables say?5152
  • What do the witnesses actually read at disputed verses, such as the giants' height at 7:2?535436
  • How many manuscripts of the book exist, and how do the older and later Ethiopic recensions differ?3855
  • Who are the "sons of God" of Genesis 6:1 to 4: angels, the line of Seth or human rulers?56
  • Why is the book scripture in some churches and not in others, and what does Jude's quotation of it show?571

Its method

Start

  1. Keep apart three levels: what a manuscript reads, what scholars reconstruct, and interpretation; present no interpretation as absolute and give each church's view in its own voice582650.

  2. Begin from the Aramaic fragments of Qumran, which secure the original for four of the five books, and treat the complete Ethiopic as a translation of a translation4935.

  3. Where the Aramaic is poor or absent, as for the Parables and the Astronomical Book, let the Ethiopic decide59.

  4. Compare the witnesses at each disputed verse and report where they differ: at 7:2 Charles's Ethiopic gives 3,000 ells and the Panopolitanus Greek 3,000 cubits, Syncellus gives no height, Laurence printed 300 and the Aramaic number is restored rather than read5354366061.

  5. Date the copies and the composition separately: handwriting and radiocarbon date the copies, and composition is earlier than the copies206263.

  6. State numbers, such as dates, heights and manuscript counts, only with their source, and attribute counts that conflict643835.

  7. Use historical allusions in the text with caution, since such scenes can be stock imagery65.

  8. Check every quoted line against the Hermeneia translation, the standard modern rendering, and name exactly which Charles text is used584666.

What to read

Its primary witnesses

  • The Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4: 11 manuscripts of 1 Enoch (4Q201, 4Q202, 4Q204 to 4Q212), covering four of the five books, with nothing of the Parables4967.
  • The Codex Panopolitanus from Akhmim, which preserves 1:1 to 32:6 and which the papyrological database dates 500 to 6996869.
  • The 4th century Chester Beatty-Michigan papyrus, covering 97:6 to 107:3 without chapter 1057071.
  • The Greek extracts of chapters 6 to 10 and 15 to 16 preserved by George Syncellus3236.
  • Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2069, of the 4th century, and a shorthand Greek fragment of 89:42 to 49 in the margin of Vat. gr. 1809727374.
  • Latin, Coptic and Syriac excerpts: 1:9 and 106:1 to 18 in Latin, part of the Apocalypse of Weeks in Coptic, and a single excerpt in Michael the Syrian's chronicle3275.
  • The Ge'ez manuscripts, the only complete text, among them Kebran 9, EMML 2080 and Abbadianus 55, and a Berlin palimpsest that EMEL describes as the oldest surviving copy373876.
  • The two Ethiopic recensions: an older one (Eth I) and the standard later text of the church (Eth II)55.

Standard reference works

  • R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch (SPCK, 1917), public domain but earlier than the Qumran evidence, and his separate Clarendon translation of 19124746.
  • J. T. Milik with Matthew Black, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 (1976)48.
  • Michael Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1978), and Matthew Black's English edition with commentary (1985), both important for textual questions7778.
  • Ephraim Isaac's translation in J. H. Charlesworth's The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (1983), which also holds Andersen's English 2 Enoch79.
  • The Hermeneia commentary, 1 Enoch 1 (2001) and 1 Enoch 2 (2012), and 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation (2012) of Nickelsburg and VanderKam, the standard modern rendering192558.
  • Loren Stuckenbruck's commentary 1 Enoch 91-108 (2007)80.
  • J. C. Reeves and A. Y. Reed, Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages (2018), a reception sourcebook81.
  • Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, edited by Davila and Bauckham, with new translations of the Giants traditions and Coptic 2 Enoch82.
  • The Enoch Seminar's 4 Enoch online encyclopedia and the Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha8384.
  • The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library and Beta masahaeft for Ethiopic manuscripts8586.

Scholarship referenced in this study

The works below shaped the field and are cited in this study, from the earliest to the most recent. Hover over a book, or select it, to see its author and the sources behind it.

  • 1821The Book of Enoch the ProphetRichard LaurenceThe Book of Enoch the Prophet (1821)Richard LaurenceSources44
  • 1912The Book of Enoch or 1 EnochR. H. CharlesThe Book of Enoch or 1 Enoch (1912)R. H. Charles (1855 to 1931)Sources46
  • 1976The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4J. T. MilikThe Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 (1976)J. T. Milik, with Matthew BlackSources48
  • 1978The Ethiopic Book of EnochMichael KnibbThe Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1978)Michael Knibb (6 December 2023)Sources5077
  • 1985The Book of Enoch or I EnochMatthew BlackThe Book of Enoch or I Enoch (1985)Matthew BlackSources78
  • 20011 Enoch 1George W. E. Nickelsburg1 Enoch 1 (2001)George W. E. NickelsburgSources19
  • 2005Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and ChristianityAnnette Yoshiko ReedFallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity (2005)Annette Yoshiko ReedSources8
  • 20071 Enoch 91-108Loren T. Stuckenbruck1 Enoch 91-108 (2007)Loren T. StuckenbruckSources80
  • 20121 Enoch: The Hermeneia TranslationGeorge W. E. Nickelsburg1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation (2012)George W. E. Nickelsburg, with James C. VanderKamSources58
  • 2014The Myth of Rebellious AngelsLoren T. StuckenbruckThe Myth of Rebellious Angels (2014)Loren T. StuckenbruckSources87
  • 2017The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and AnalysisE. L. GallagherThe Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis (2017)E. L. Gallagher, with J. D. MeadeSources88
  • 2018Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle AgesJohn C. ReevesEnoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages (2018)John C. Reeves, with Annette Yoshiko ReedSources81

Listed because this study draws on their published work; no association with or endorsement of Numa Verse is implied. Suggest a correction.

Key terms

The words that carry the most weight in this field, each defined from the sources of this study. Turn a card over to read its definition.

A modern label for an anthology that scholars treat as five separate works: the Book of the Watchers, the Parables, the Astronomical Book, the Dream Visions and the Epistle of Enoch1935.

The 200 "children of heaven" who, led by Shemihazah in 1 Enoch 6 to 11, desire human women, bind themselves by oath on Mount Hermon and descend8990.

The offspring, not the angels, in Genesis 6:4 and 1 Enoch; the Septuagint renders the word "giants", and its etymology is disputed, with "fallen ones" a live scholarly reading919293.

Asael is the Watcher the earliest Aramaic copy names as teacher of forbidden arts; the Greek and Ethiopic forms later converge with the name Azazel, known from the goat ritual of Leviticus 16949596.

The figure of the Parables, also called Chosen One, Righteous One and Anointed, named before creation and seated on the throne of glory to judge; the surviving text identifies him with Enoch979851.

The ancient practice of issuing revelations under the name of an honored figure from the distant past, a recognized literary form rather than a forgery in the modern sense99100101.

The year of the Astronomical Book: four 91-day seasons, exactly 52 weeks, so that every date falls on the same weekday each year; Jubilees and the Qumran community took it up102103.

The older recension of the Ethiopic text and the standard later text of the church55.

Michael Bird distinguishes scripture, texts treated as authoritative, from canon, a closed list, which helps explain how a book can be used as scripture by some early Christians without ever being canonized by the church at large57.

The canon of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches, a traditional count rather than a single fixed table of contents12.

Where it sits

Builds on

Book of Enoch

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From the Journal

An old handwritten parchment book with wooden covers resting on woven clothAI-generated imageBook of Enoch

What is the Book of Enoch, and why is it not in most Bibles?

The Book of Enoch is an ancient Jewish collection of five works credited to Enoch of Genesis. The Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo churches hold it as Scripture; most other churches do not.Numa Verse Editorial · November 2026 · 6 min read

Questions people ask

No. 1 Enoch was never part of the Hebrew Bible, the great Septuagint codices or any Greek or Latin church canon list10488. It was widely read, quoted in Jude and treated as scripture by some early Christians, Tertullian above all, before it was slowly marginalized between about 300 and 500 CE2730. No council removed it: the canon list of the Council of Laodicea, of disputed authenticity, does not include it, and the Council of Nicaea in 325 made no decision about the biblical canon105106107.

Jude 14 to 15 is the one direct, acknowledged quotation: it introduces 1 Enoch 1:9 with prophesied and names Enoch, the seventh from Adam2728. Jude 6 and 2 Peter 2:4 draw on the tradition of imprisoned Watchers; further parallels are argued but not proven, and analogy does not prove dependence28108. Traditions differ on what the quotation means: Tertullian took Jude as endorsing Enoch, while Augustine held that the writings under Enoch's name were not genuinely his30109.

Ethiopia received Enoch with its Greek scriptures while the book was still widely read, translated it into Ge'ez, used it liturgically and theologically, and was distant from the Mediterranean centers that later narrowed the canon45. The Coptic Orthodox Church, Ethiopia's historic mother church, does not accept it, so the Ethiopian position is a distinct local tradition rather than a preserved "original" canon10.

Genesis 6:1 to 4 mentions them briefly and ambiguously and does not tell the Watchers story; in Genesis 6:4 and 1 Enoch the Nephilim are the offspring, not the angels91. Jews and Christians have read the "sons of God" as angels, as the line of Seth or as human rulers, and 1 Enoch developed the angelic reading into the story of the Watchers and their giant offspring56790.

They preserve Aramaic fragments of four of its five books; the Parables are absent4948. These copies show that substantial Enochic literature circulated among Jews before Christianity began49.

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  1. 1R. W. Cowley, The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today, Ostkirchliche Studien 23 (1974) 318 to 323, online reproductionhttps://www.islamic-awareness.org/bible/text/canon/ethiopican (opens in a new tab)
  2. 2Bible Gateway, explainer on the 81-book Ethiopian canon (J. Edson)https://www.biblegateway.com/learn/?p=8571 (opens in a new tab)
  3. 3Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Mahibere Kidusan Next Generation, The Ethiopian Orthodox Bible: A Unique Biblical Canonhttps://nextgeneration.eotcmk.org/learn-geez/blog/the-ethiopian-orthodox-bible-a-unique-biblical-canon (opens in a new tab)
  4. 4Academia.edu, paper on an early Ethiopic manuscript and the Aksumite collectionhttps://www.academia.edu/4515108 (opens in a new tab)
  5. 5African Union Library, E. Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible (Schweich Lectures 1967; OUP for the British Academy, 1968)https://library.au.int/node/239611 (opens in a new tab)
  6. 6B. W. Hawk, Ethiopian Biblical Canons and Apocrypha (22 March 2021)https://brandonwhawk.net/2021/03/22/ethiopian-biblical-canons-and-apocrypha/ (opens in a new tab)
  7. 7Sefaria, Bereshit (Genesis) Rabbah 26:5https://www.sefaria.org/Bereshit_Rabbah.26.5 (opens in a new tab)
  8. 8A. Y. Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity (CUP 2005), chapter on the marginalisation of Enochic literaturehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/books/fallen-angels-and-the-history-of-judaism-and-christianity/interpenetration-of-jewish-and-christian-traditions-the-exegesis-of-genesis-and-the-marginalization-of-enochic-literature/0879099F25FC63C01CF58FC76CA84EF0 (opens in a new tab)
  9. 9A. A. Orlov, The Enoch-Metatron Tradition (TSAJ 107; Mohr Siebeck, 2005), Orion entryhttps://orion-bibliography.huji.ac.il/node/56124 (opens in a new tab)
  10. 10Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States, Q&A 30 on the Book of Enochhttps://qa.suscopts.org/index.php?qid=30 (opens in a new tab)
  11. 11Our Sunday Visitor, What does the Church teach about the Book of Enoch?https://www.oursundayvisitor.com/?p=82062 (opens in a new tab)
  12. 12Got Questions, What is the book of Enoch?https://www.gotquestions.org/book-of-Enoch.html (opens in a new tab)
  13. 13The Gospel Coalition, M. Harmon, Why Does Jude Quote 1 Enoch? (1 July 2026)https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/enoch-why-jude-quote/ (opens in a new tab)
  14. 14Catholic Answers, Does the fact that Jude quotes from the Book of Enoch mean it should be in our Bible?https://www.catholic.com/qa/doesnt-the-fact-that-jude-quotes-from-the-book-of-enoch-mean-that-this-book-should-be-in-our (opens in a new tab)
  15. 15Fr Stephen De Young, The Book of the Watchers, The Whole Counsel (Ancient Faith)https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/wholecounsel/2020/07/31/the-book-of-the-watchers/ (opens in a new tab)
  16. 16The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Pearl of Great Price, Moses 7https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/7?lang=eng (opens in a new tab)
  17. 17Dialogue journal, Revisiting Joseph Smith and the Availability of the Book of Enochhttps://www.dialoguejournal.com/articles/revisiting-joseph-smith-and-the-availability-of-the-book-of-enoch/ (opens in a new tab)
  18. 18Adventist Today, report on a Matthew Korpman session on 1 Enochhttps://atoday.org/?p=95794 (opens in a new tab)
  19. 19Fortress Press, G. W. E. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1 (Hermeneia, 2001)https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9780800660741/1-Enoch-1 (opens in a new tab)
  20. 20A. J. T. Jull et al., Radiocarbon dating of scrolls and linen fragments from the Judean Desert, Radiocarbon (Cambridge PDF)https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8ABC8DDCB3043F747D7701B19B5BA520/S0033822200014740a.pdf/radiocarbon-dating-of-scrolls-and-linen-fragments-from-the-judean-desert.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  21. 21Library of Congress, Scrolls from the Dead Sea exhibit (1993), Enoch, on ibibliohttps://ibiblio.org/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/Library/enoch.html (opens in a new tab)
  22. 22R. H. Charles, translation of Jubilees, chapter 4, Christian Classics Ethereal Libraryhttps://ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/jubilee/4.htm (opens in a new tab)
  23. 23Reading Acts, The Animal Apocalypse, Part 2, 1 Enoch 85-90https://readingacts.com/2016/06/23/the-animal-apocalypse-part-2-1-enoch-85-90/ (opens in a new tab)
  24. 241 Enoch 90 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe093.htm (opens in a new tab)
  25. 25Fortress Press, Nickelsburg and VanderKam, 1 Enoch 2 (Hermeneia)https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9780800698379/1-Enoch-2 (opens in a new tab)
  26. 26M. A. Knibb, The Date of the Parables of Enoch: A Critical Review, NTS 25.3 (1979)https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/abs/date-of-the-parables-of-enoch-a-critical-review/8131FB5EB7548A7DB2B3ED2290C6EEC1 (opens in a new tab)
  27. 27World English Bible via bible-api, Jude 14-15https://bible-api.com/jude+1:14-15 (opens in a new tab)
  28. 28Accordance, R. J. Bauckham, Jude, 2 Peter (Word Biblical Commentary 50, 1983)https://www.accordancebible.com/product/wbc-vol-50-2-peter-and-jude-by-richard-j-bauckham/ (opens in a new tab)
  29. 29New Advent, Epistle of Barnabashttps://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0124.htm (opens in a new tab)
  30. 30New Advent, Tertullian, On the Apparel of Women, Book 1https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0402.htm (opens in a new tab)
  31. 31J. C. VanderKam, 1 Enoch, Enochic Motifs, and Enoch in Early Christian Literature (PDF)https://godawa.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/VanderKam-1-Enoch-Enochic-Motifs-and-Enoch-in-Early-Christian-Literature.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  32. 32Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), Enoch, Books of (Ethiopic and Slavonic)https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5773-enoch-books-of-ethiopic-and-slavonic (opens in a new tab)
  33. 33New Advent, Jerome, De viris illustribushttps://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm (opens in a new tab)
  34. 34Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Augustine, City of God 15.23https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XV.23.html (opens in a new tab)
  35. 35L. W. Hurtado, 1 Enoch: An Update on Manuscripts and Cautionary Notes on Usage (6 October 2019)https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2019/10/06/1-enoch-an-update-on-manuscripts-and-cautionary-notes-on-usage/ (opens in a new tab)
  36. 36Jason Colavito, Syncellus's Enoch Fragments (English translation)https://www.jasoncolavito.com/syncelluss-enoch-fragments.html (opens in a new tab)
  37. 37E. Isaac, New Light upon the Book of Enoch from Newly-Found Ethiopic MSS, JAOS 103.2 (1983) 399 to 411, Orion entryhttps://orion-bibliography.huji.ac.il/orion_editor/node/104731 (opens in a new tab)
  38. 38A. Metel, article in Resovia Sacra 32 (2025) on Ethiopic Enoch manuscripts (PDF)https://ojs.academicon.pl/rs/article/download/11164/11243/34717 (opens in a new tab)
  39. 394 Enoch online encyclopedia, Enochic Studies (1600s)https://4enoch.org/wiki5/index.php/Enochic_Studies_(1600s) (opens in a new tab)
  40. 40Beta masahaeft (Hamburg), Bodleian MS Orient 531, Mashafa Henokhttps://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/BDLor531 (opens in a new tab)
  41. 41Ancient Jew Review, Rediscovering Enoch from the Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century (22 February 2023)https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2023/2/22/rediscovering-enoch-from-the-fifteenth-to-nineteenth-century (opens in a new tab)
  42. 42Scripture Central, H. Nibley, A Strange Thing in the Land: The Return of the Book of Enoch, part 2https://scripturecentral.org/archive/periodicals/magazine-article/strange-thing-land-return-book-enoch-part-2 (opens in a new tab)
  43. 43Scripture Central, H. Nibley, A Strange Thing in the Land, part 13https://scripturecentral.org/archive/periodicals/magazine-article/strange-thing-land-return-book-enoch-part-13 (opens in a new tab)
  44. 44Richard Laurence, The Book of Enoch the Prophet (first edition 1821), Internet Archive scanhttps://ia902707.us.archive.org/10/items/bookofenochproph00laur/bookofenochproph00laur.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  45. 45R. H. Charles, The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch (1906), Internet Archivehttps://ia801309.us.archive.org/0/items/ethiopicversiono00charuoft/ethiopicversiono00charuoft_hocr.html (opens in a new tab)
  46. 46R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch or 1 Enoch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), Internet Archivehttps://archive.org/details/bookofenochor1en00char (opens in a new tab)
  47. 47R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch (SPCK 1917), title and preface, Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe001.htm (opens in a new tab)
  48. 48J. T. Milik with M. Black, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 (1976), Internet Archivehttps://archive.org/details/MILIKEnochInAramaicQumranCave4 (opens in a new tab)
  49. 49G. W. E. Nickelsburg, Dead Sea Scrolls Spotlight: The Book of Enoch, BAS Libraryhttps://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/sidebar/dead-sea-scrolls-spotlight-the-book-of-enoch/ (opens in a new tab)
  50. 50C. Hempel, Michael Anthony Knibb 1938 to 2023, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy 23 (2026) 271 to 289https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/6239/Memoirs-23-15-Knibb.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  51. 511 Enoch 71 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe074.htm (opens in a new tab)
  52. 524 Enoch online encyclopedia, Parables of Enochhttps://4enoch.org/wiki5/index.php/Parables_of_Enoch (opens in a new tab)
  53. 531 Enoch 7 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe010.htm (opens in a new tab)
  54. 54R. H. Charles, The Greek Text of the Book of Enoch (1912), Codex Panopolitanus, chapter 7 transcription (secondary transcription site)https://barnascha.narod.ru/books/1hanokhg.htm (opens in a new tab)
  55. 55DFG GEPRIS, project 270668285, results reporthttps://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/270668285/ergebnisse (opens in a new tab)
  56. 56R. Bradshaw, Creationism and the Early Church, chapter 5, The Sons of Godhttps://robibradshaw.gospelstudies.org.uk/chapter5.htm (opens in a new tab)
  57. 57M. F. Bird, Jude, Enoch and canonicity (Substack)https://michaelfbird.substack.com/p/jude-enoch-and-canonicity (opens in a new tab)
  58. 58G. W. E. Nickelsburg and J. C. VanderKam, 1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation (Fortress, 2012)https://www.fortresspress.com/store/product/9780800699109/1-Enoch (opens in a new tab)
  59. 59J. Ben-Dov, review of 1 Enoch 2 (Fortress Press PDF)https://ms.fortresspress.com/downloads/9780800698379ReviewBenDov.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  60. 60Richard Laurence, The Book of Enoch the Prophet (1883 London edition of the 1821 translation), Project Gutenberg eBook 77815, chapter 7 gives 300 cubitshttps://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/77815/pg77815-images.html (opens in a new tab)
  61. 61Intertextual Bible, 4Q201 1 iii 13 to 17 and 1 Enoch 7:1 to 2 (ETCBC transcription; height inside reconstruction brackets)https://intertextual.bible/p/2001 (opens in a new tab)
  62. 62University of Arizona research portal, A. J. T. Jull, D. J. Donahue, M. Broshi and E. Tov, Radiocarbon dating of scrolls and linen fragments from the Judean Desert, Radiocarbon 37.1 (1995) 11 to 19https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/radiocarbon-dating-of-scrolls-and-linen-fragments-from-the-judean/ (opens in a new tab)
  63. 63M. Popovic et al., Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis, PLOS ONE 20(6) (4 June 2025)https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0323185 (opens in a new tab)
  64. 64DFG GEPRIS, project 270668285, Text-critical Edition and Translation of 1 Enochhttps://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/270668285 (opens in a new tab)
  65. 65T. M. Erho, Historical-Allusional Dating and the Similitudes of Enoch, JBL (2011), Project MUSEhttps://muse.jhu.edu/article/453795/pdf (opens in a new tab)
  66. 66Project Gutenberg eBook 77935, R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch (1917), released 14 February 2026https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/77935 (opens in a new tab)
  67. 67A. T. Wright, The Origin of Evil Spirits, chapter 2 excerpt, History of Documents and Research (Fortress PDF)https://ms.fortresspress.com/downloads/9781451490329_Chapter%202%20excerpt.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  68. 68Digital Corpus of Literary Papyri, LDAB 1088, Akhmim codex (Cairo CG 10759) with Enoch 1:1 to 32:6https://papyri-prod.lib.duke.edu/dclp/59976 (opens in a new tab)
  69. 69Scripture Central, H. Nibley, A Strange Thing in the Land, part 3https://scripturecentral.org/archive/periodicals/magazine-article/strange-thing-land-return-book-enoch-part-3 (opens in a new tab)
  70. 70papyri.info, Michigan papyrus record michigan.apis.3967https://papyri.info/apis/michigan.apis.3967/source (opens in a new tab)
  71. 714 Enoch online encyclopedia, The Last Chapters of Enoch in Greek (1937 Bonner and Youtie)https://4enoch.org/wiki5/index.php/The_Last_Chapters_of_Enoch_in_Greek_(1937_Bonner,_Youtie),_book (opens in a new tab)
  72. 72R. D. Chesnutt, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2069 and the Compositional History of 1 Enoch, JBL 129.3 (2010), Pepperdine PDFhttps://seaver.pepperdine.edu/religion-philosophy/content/chesnutt/oxyrhynchuspapyrus2069.pdf (opens in a new tab)
  73. 734 Enoch online encyclopedia, Novae patrum bibliothecae (1844 Mai), Vatican Greek fragment of 89:42 to 49https://4enoch.org/wiki5/index.php/Novae_patrum_bibliothecae_(1844_Mai),_book (opens in a new tab)
  74. 74R. H. Charles, The Ethiopic Version of the Book of Enoch (1906), page on the Vatican Greek MS 1809, Source Library scanhttps://sourcelibrary.org/book/6953112e77f38f6761bcbe3b/page/6953112e77f38f6761bcbe4c (opens in a new tab)
  75. 75syri.ac bibliography, S. P. Brock, A Fragment of Enoch in Syriac (1968)https://syri.ac/bibliography/684469601 (opens in a new tab)
  76. 76Early Manuscripts Electronic Library, Enoch Palimpsest Spectral Imaging Projecthttps://www.emelibrary.org/projects/enoch-palimpsest-spectral-imaging-project (opens in a new tab)
  77. 77HathiTrust catalogue record, Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1978)https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000300137/Cite (opens in a new tab)
  78. 78M. Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch (Brill, 1985), Orion entryhttps://orion-bibliography.huji.ac.il/index.php/node/76643 (opens in a new tab)
  79. 79J. H. Charlesworth (ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1 (1983), Internet Archivehttps://archive.org/details/the-old-testament-pseudepigrapha-vol.-1-charlesworth-1983/mode/2up (opens in a new tab)
  80. 80De Gruyter Brill, L. T. Stuckenbruck, 1 Enoch 91-108 (CEJL, 2007)https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110204131/html (opens in a new tab)
  81. 81J. C. Reeves and A. Y. Reed, Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, vol. 1 (OUP 2018)https://academic.oup.com/book/9073 (opens in a new tab)
  82. 82University of St Andrews research portal, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures vol. 2https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/old-testament-pseudepigrapha-more-noncanonical-scriptures-2/ (opens in a new tab)
  83. 834 Enoch online encyclopedia, Enoch Seminarhttps://4enoch.org/wiki5/index.php/Enoch_Seminar (opens in a new tab)
  84. 84SAGE, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, journal homehttps://journals.sagepub.com/home/JSP (opens in a new tab)
  85. 85Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library, about the digital libraryhttps://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/about-the-project/the-digital-library (opens in a new tab)
  86. 86Beta masahaeft, work record for Mashafa Henok (LIT1340EnochE)https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1340EnochE (opens in a new tab)
  87. 87Mohr Siebeck, L. T. Stuckenbruck, The Myth of Rebellious Angels (WUNT 335, 2014)https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/the-myth-of-rebellious-angels-9783161532818 (opens in a new tab)
  88. 88WorldCat, E. L. Gallagher and J. D. Meade, The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis (OUP, 2017)https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987346634 (opens in a new tab)
  89. 89R. H. Charles, translation of 1 Enoch, Christian Classics Ethereal Libraryhttps://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM (opens in a new tab)
  90. 901 Enoch 6 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe009.htm (opens in a new tab)
  91. 91Sefaria, Genesis 6:1 to 8 (Revised JPS 2023)https://www.sefaria.org/api/texts/Genesis.6.1-8?context=0 (opens in a new tab)
  92. 92Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon, entry 5303 (Nephilim), Bible Hubhttps://biblehub.com/bdb/5303.htm (opens in a new tab)
  93. 93R. S. Hendel, Of Demigods and the Deluge: Toward an Interpretation of Genesis 6:1 to 4, JBL 106 (1987) 13 to 26, listed in Hendel's curriculum vitaehttps://berkeley.academia.edu/RonHendel/CurriculumVitae (opens in a new tab)
  94. 94Intertextual Bible, 4Q201 1 iii and 1 Enoch 6:7, Watcher list naming Asael (ETCBC transcription)https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-6.7/4q201-1 (opens in a new tab)
  95. 95M. Langlois, The fallen angels, Azazel, and the scapegoathttps://michaellanglois.org/questions/the-fallen-angels-azazel-and-the-scapegoat/ (opens in a new tab)
  96. 96A. Angelini, Is Azazel a Goat, Place, Demon, or Deity?, TheTorah.comhttps://www.thetorah.com/article/is-azazel-a-goat-place-demon-or-deity (opens in a new tab)
  97. 971 Enoch 48 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe051.htm (opens in a new tab)
  98. 981 Enoch 62 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe065.htm (opens in a new tab)
  99. 99Biola University, Think Biblically, The Truth Behind 1 Enoch (S. McDowell with J. Muddamalle, 1 September 2026)https://www.biola.edu/blogs/think-biblically/2026/the-truth-behind-1-enoch (opens in a new tab)
  100. 100Apologetics Press, The Book of Enoch in the Ethiopian Bible: A Test Case in Canonicity (5 October 2026)https://apologeticspress.org/the-book-of-enoch-in-the-ethiopian-bible-a-test-case-in-canonicity/ (opens in a new tab)
  101. 101University of South Carolina Press, J. C. VanderKam, Enoch: A Man for All Generations (listing only)https://uscpress.com/Enoch (opens in a new tab)
  102. 1021 Enoch 72 (Charles), Internet Sacred Text Archivehttps://sacred-texts.com/bib/boe/boe075.htm (opens in a new tab)
  103. 103J. C. VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Measuring Time (Routledge, 1998), Orion entryhttps://orion-bibliography.huji.ac.il/node/58288 (opens in a new tab)
  104. 104BartEhrman.com, J. Schachterle, Why Was Enoch Removed from the Bible? (11 June 2026)https://www.bartehrman.com/?p=25635 (opens in a new tab)
  105. 105New Advent, Synod of Laodicea, canonshttps://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm (opens in a new tab)
  106. 106Logos, M. S. Heiser, Constantine, conspiracy and the canon (2019)https://www.logos.com/grow/constantine-conspiracy-and-the-canon/ (opens in a new tab)
  107. 107History for Atheists (T. O'Neill), The Great Myths 4: Constantine, Nicaea and the Biblehttps://historyforatheists.com/2017/05/the-great-myths-4-constantine-nicaea-and-the-bible/ (opens in a new tab)
  108. 108M. F. Bird, Did 1 Enoch influence the New Testament? (Substack)https://michaelfbird.substack.com/p/did-1-enoch-influence-the-new-testament (opens in a new tab)
  109. 109Christian Classics Ethereal Library, Augustine, City of God 18.38https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XVIII.38.html (opens in a new tab)

Page record

Reviewed and approved by Duane Herholdt, BA (Theology), Chief Executive Officer, Numa Verse

Study version: v1.1, 9 October 2026 (theology map v1.27)

Last reviewed: 7 November 2026

How these pages are made

  • 7 November 2026: First draft from the approved assessment v1.1.